{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124866758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cloudcom67567.2025.11331391","title":"AMAKA: A Blockchain-Fortified Framework for Anonymous Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement in IoT","display_name":"AMAKA: A Blockchain-Fortified Framework for Anonymous Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement in IoT","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124866758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cloudcom67567.2025.11331391"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cloudcom67567.2025.11331391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cloudcom67567.2025.11331391","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 lEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123452347","display_name":"Xinyu Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037315459","display_name":"Xuanrui Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4192-2725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuanrui Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047309793","display_name":"Dan Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1947-3890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042245228","display_name":"Sensen Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sensen Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123448348","display_name":"Xiaoqian Xi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482657","display_name":"Shenzhen MSU-BIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q963474","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqian Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute Shenzhen MSU-BIT University,Shenzhen,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute Shenzhen MSU-BIT University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103113354","display_name":"Tiehao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8901-9765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiehao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Chongqing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123452347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80659496,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.44269999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.44269999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.33899998664855957,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.031599998474121094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-authentication","display_name":"Mutual authentication","score":0.7045999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5708000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5375000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.45969998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-agreement-protocol","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","score":0.3596000075340271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.779699981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781221063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6944186","display_name":"Mutual authentication","level":3,"score":0.7045999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5708000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5375000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.45969998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135530808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306713","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","level":5,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131129157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059963","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","level":4,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44415380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008721","display_name":"Computer access control","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cloudcom67567.2025.11331391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cloudcom67567.2025.11331391","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 lEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49888378381729126,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8465124245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62576213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3142542690","https://openalex.org/W3157891444","https://openalex.org/W3162980503","https://openalex.org/W4285192135","https://openalex.org/W4312228319","https://openalex.org/W4312299478","https://openalex.org/W4312954706","https://openalex.org/W4385834563","https://openalex.org/W4387936967","https://openalex.org/W4388487508","https://openalex.org/W4396957010","https://openalex.org/W4401705550","https://openalex.org/W4401836222","https://openalex.org/W4408182971"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,71],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,5,67,85,106],"resource-constrained":[3],"Internet":[4],"Things":[6],"(IoT)":[7],"devices":[8],"poses":[9],"formidable":[10],"security":[11,101],"challenges,":[12],"rendering":[13],"traditional":[14],"centralized":[15],"authentication":[16,150],"mechanisms":[17],"impractical.":[18],"To":[19],"address":[20],"this":[21,23],"issue,":[22],"paper":[24],"proposes":[25],"AMAKA":[26,42,143],"(Anonymous":[27],"Mutual":[28],"Authentication":[29],"and":[30,58,94,138,148],"Key":[31],"Agreement),":[32],"a":[33,48,103,119,123,145],"novel":[34],"blockchain-fortified":[35],"protocol":[36],"specifically":[37],"designed":[38],"for":[39,51,152],"IoT":[40,154],"environments.":[41],"utilizes":[43],"smart":[44],"contracts":[45],"to":[46,81],"establish":[47],"robust":[49],"framework":[50],"device":[52],"lifecycle":[53],"management,":[54],"including":[55],"registration,":[56],"updates,":[57],"revocation,":[59],"enabling":[60],"fine-grained":[61],"access":[62],"control":[63],"under":[64,113],"the":[65,68,110],"authority":[66],"equipment":[69],"manufacturer.":[70],"protocol's":[72],"core":[73],"synergizes":[74],"Schnorr":[75],"signatures":[76],"with":[77],"noninteractive":[78],"zero-knowledge":[79],"proofs":[80],"deliver":[82],"strong":[83],"guarantees":[84],"mutual":[86],"authentication,":[87],"user":[88],"anonymity,":[89],"unlinkability,":[90],"perfect":[91],"forward":[92],"secrecy,":[93],"conditional":[95],"traceability.":[96],"We":[97],"formally":[98],"verify":[99],"AMAKA's":[100],"against":[102],"wide":[104],"range":[105],"attacks":[107],"by":[108],"employing":[109],"ProVerif":[111],"tool":[112],"an":[114],"active":[115],"adversary":[116],"model.":[117],"Furthermore,":[118],"prototype":[120],"deployed":[121],"on":[122],"private":[124],"Ethereum":[125],"network":[126],"demonstrates":[127],"its":[128],"practical":[129],"viability,":[130],"confirming":[131],"low":[132],"on-chain":[133],"overhead,":[134],"minimal":[135],"storage":[136],"demands,":[137],"high":[139],"computational":[140],"efficiency.":[141],"Therefore,":[142],"provides":[144],"balanced,":[146],"secure,":[147],"scalable":[149],"solution":[151],"large-scale":[153],"ecosystems.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00"}
