{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2955728515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cig.2019.8847994","title":"An Empirical Evaluation of Two General Game Systems: Ludii and RBG","display_name":"An Empirical Evaluation of Two General Game Systems: Ludii and RBG","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2955728515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cig.2019.8847994","mag":"2955728515"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cig.2019.8847994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cig.2019.8847994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498491","display_name":"2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/3a461b51-6c1e-421d-9125-1f86487b7352","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061767166","display_name":"\u00c9ric Piette","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-636X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Piette","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands","Maastricht University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075491769","display_name":"Matthew Stephenson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3867-5842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Stephenson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands","Maastricht University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049574317","display_name":"Dennis J. N. J. Soemers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3241-8957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis J.N.J. Soemers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands","Maastricht University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065924402","display_name":"Cameron Browne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2997-3255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cameron Browne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands","Maastricht University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061767166"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1333,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4740566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"abs 1905 5013","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.8657875061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.8042571544647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7314912676811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simplicity","display_name":"Simplicity","score":0.6865724325180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6430432200431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.554413914680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.45878130197525024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4345273971557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.42404255270957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.4220646917819977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-design","display_name":"Game design","score":0.4127238690853119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23033732175827026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09869012236595154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.8657875061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.8042571544647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7314912676811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776372474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508291","display_name":"Simplicity","level":2,"score":0.6865724325180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6430432200431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.554413914680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.45878130197525024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4345273971557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42404255270957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4220646917819977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503285160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858057","display_name":"Game design","level":2,"score":0.4127238690853119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23033732175827026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09869012236595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cig.2019.8847994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cig.2019.8847994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498491","display_name":"2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/3a461b51-6c1e-421d-9125-1f86487b7352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/3a461b51-6c1e-421d-9125-1f86487b7352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Piette, E, Stephenson, M, Soemers, D & Browne, C 2019, An Empirical Evaluation of Two General Game Systems: Ludii and RBG. in 2019 IEEE CONFERENCE ON GAMES (COG) : (COG'19). IEEE, IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games, pp. 626-629, IEEE Conference on Games (IEEE COG), London, United Kingdom, 20/08/19. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIG.2019.8847994","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1907.00244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.00244","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00244","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03594866v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03594866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Conference On Games, Aug 2019, London, United Kingdom","raw_type":"Conference papers"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:276827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078/276827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401902","display_name":"Digital Access to Libraries (Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Universit\u00e9 de Namur (UNamur) and the Universit\u00e9 Saint-Louis (USL-B))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","host_organization_name":"UCLouvain","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1907.00244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.00244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/3a461b51-6c1e-421d-9125-1f86487b7352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/3a461b51-6c1e-421d-9125-1f86487b7352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Piette, E, Stephenson, M, Soemers, D & Browne, C 2019, An Empirical Evaluation of Two General Game Systems: Ludii and RBG. in 2019 IEEE CONFERENCE ON GAMES (COG) : (COG'19). IEEE, IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games, pp. 626-629, IEEE Conference on Games (IEEE COG), London, United Kingdom, 20/08/19. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIG.2019.8847994","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321016","display_name":"Universiteit Maastricht","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163248014","https://openalex.org/W1955510565","https://openalex.org/W2099587183","https://openalex.org/W2122659384","https://openalex.org/W2134639903","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2396523281","https://openalex.org/W2461381461","https://openalex.org/W2560179692","https://openalex.org/W2646036860","https://openalex.org/W2740875492","https://openalex.org/W2740941464","https://openalex.org/W2896888044","https://openalex.org/W2901513928","https://openalex.org/W3089514910","https://openalex.org/W6606651207","https://openalex.org/W6675434749","https://openalex.org/W6739899130","https://openalex.org/W6756793904","https://openalex.org/W6762220698"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2977242214","https://openalex.org/W2063490482","https://openalex.org/W2900118155","https://openalex.org/W3182450584","https://openalex.org/W1537801879","https://openalex.org/W2569196563","https://openalex.org/W3198480520","https://openalex.org/W1543253765","https://openalex.org/W2949554823","https://openalex.org/W2897242117","https://openalex.org/W2220138847","https://openalex.org/W13597648","https://openalex.org/W2212042668","https://openalex.org/W2619568925","https://openalex.org/W2948944968","https://openalex.org/W2167261864","https://openalex.org/W2724312049","https://openalex.org/W2207149419","https://openalex.org/W2528443718","https://openalex.org/W3209762580"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"General":[1,38],"Game":[2,39,56],"Playing":[3],"(GGP)":[4],"systems":[5,94],"can":[6],"facilitate":[7],"useful":[8],"research":[9],"in":[10,95],"Artificial":[11],"Intelligence":[12],"(AI)":[13],"for":[14,101],"game-playing,":[15],"they":[16],"are":[17,65],"often":[18],"computationally":[19],"inefficient":[20],"and":[21,71,108],"somewhat":[22],"specialised":[23],"to":[24,47],"a":[25,88],"specific":[26],"class":[27],"of":[28,34,51,62,81,97],"games.":[29],"However,":[30],"since":[31],"the":[32,48,52,55,66,72,91],"start":[33],"this":[35],"year,":[36],"two":[37,92,98],"Systems":[40],"have":[41],"emerged":[42],"that":[43],"provide":[44],"efficient":[45],"alternatives":[46],"academic":[49],"state":[50],"art":[53],"-":[54],"Description":[57],"Language":[58],"(GDL).":[59],"In":[60],"order":[61],"publication,":[63],"these":[64],"Regular":[67],"Boardgames":[68],"language":[69],"(RBG),":[70],"Ludii":[73],"system.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"offers":[77],"an":[78],"experimental":[79],"evaluation":[80],"Ludii.":[82],"Here,":[83],"we":[84],"focus":[85],"mainly":[86],"on":[87],"comparison":[89],"between":[90],"new":[93],"terms":[96],"key":[99],"properties":[100],"any":[102],"GGP":[103],"system:":[104],"simplicity/clarity":[105],"(e.g.":[106],"human-readability),":[107],"efficiency.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-03T08:47:05.690250","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}