{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392905330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc51664.2024.10454807","title":"Hidden in Time, Revealed in Frequency: Spectral Features and Multiresolution Analysis for Encrypted Internet Traffic Classification","display_name":"Hidden in Time, Revealed in Frequency: Spectral Features and Multiresolution Analysis for Encrypted Internet Traffic Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392905330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc51664.2024.10454807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc51664.2024.10454807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccnc51664.2024.10454807","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 21st Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094179190","display_name":"Nathan Dillbary","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Dillbary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ariel University,Ariel Cyber Innovation Center,Department of Computer Science,Israel","Department of Computer Science, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ariel University,Ariel Cyber Innovation Center,Department of Computer Science,Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034517563","display_name":"Roi Yozevitch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5180-4541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roi Yozevitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ariel University,Ariel Cyber Innovation Center,Department of Computer Science,Israel","Department of Computer Science, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ariel University,Ariel Cyber Innovation Center,Department of Computer Science,Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081239516","display_name":"Amit Dvir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-0784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Dvir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ariel University,Ariel Cyber Innovation Center,Department of Computer Science,Israel","Department of Computer Science, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ariel University,Ariel Cyber Innovation Center,Department of Computer Science,Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027608715","display_name":"Ran Dubin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-2211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Dubin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ariel University,Ariel Cyber Innovation Center,Department of Computer Science,Israel","Department of Computer Science, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ariel University,Ariel Cyber Innovation Center,Department of Computer Science,Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Ariel Cyber Innovation Center, Ariel University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023899502","display_name":"Chen Hajaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9940-5654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Hajaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ariel University,Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Center,Department of Industrial Engineering and Management,Israel","Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Center, Ariel University, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ariel University,Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Center,Department of Industrial Engineering and Management,Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Center, Ariel University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5094179190"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3964,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83093704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"266","last_page":"271"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6840078234672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6172641515731812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6137566566467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiresolution-analysis","display_name":"Multiresolution analysis","score":0.5092834234237671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4497794508934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-analysis","display_name":"Spectral analysis","score":0.4475663900375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-traffic","display_name":"Internet traffic","score":0.4467320740222931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3837107717990875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24187108874320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17875251173973083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.17254695296287537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.1238052248954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08909741044044495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6840078234672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6172641515731812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6137566566467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121927907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952516","display_name":"Multiresolution analysis","level":5,"score":0.5092834234237671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4497794508934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983668108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280453","display_name":"Spectral analysis","level":3,"score":0.4475663900375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63969886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536440","display_name":"Internet traffic","level":3,"score":0.4467320740222931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3837107717990875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24187108874320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17875251173973083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.17254695296287537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.1238052248954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08909741044044495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc51664.2024.10454807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccnc51664.2024.10454807","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 21st Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062401262","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2743678626","https://openalex.org/W2891570868","https://openalex.org/W2919493784","https://openalex.org/W2956528783","https://openalex.org/W2974954435","https://openalex.org/W2996980851","https://openalex.org/W3007672026","https://openalex.org/W3009850146","https://openalex.org/W3011281516","https://openalex.org/W3036195164","https://openalex.org/W3043590479","https://openalex.org/W3045016378","https://openalex.org/W3079489286","https://openalex.org/W3106835446","https://openalex.org/W3108749330","https://openalex.org/W3120227884","https://openalex.org/W3122853940","https://openalex.org/W3145680685","https://openalex.org/W3167979994","https://openalex.org/W3181596493","https://openalex.org/W3205825343","https://openalex.org/W4224315052","https://openalex.org/W4283068901","https://openalex.org/W4285271952","https://openalex.org/W4296550588","https://openalex.org/W4310362703","https://openalex.org/W4313837379","https://openalex.org/W6757578793","https://openalex.org/W6774956955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100090372","https://openalex.org/W4361205702","https://openalex.org/W2385965183","https://openalex.org/W4289281780","https://openalex.org/W2065457896","https://openalex.org/W3173234801","https://openalex.org/W2013342653","https://openalex.org/W2901818815","https://openalex.org/W2937284497","https://openalex.org/W2006015986"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,63],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"privacy":[3],"and":[4,58,72,95,109,122,136,145],"security":[5],"concerns":[6],"have":[7],"led":[8],"to":[9,39,47,162,174],"the":[10,49,83,90,96,113,133,142,165,177],"wide":[11],"adoption":[12],"of":[13,22,51,55,60,85,107,160,172],"encrypted":[14,17,124],"protocols,":[15],"making":[16],"traffic":[18,42],"a":[19,105,117],"major":[20],"portion":[21],"overall":[23],"communications":[24],"online.":[25],"The":[26,101,126],"transition":[27],"into":[28],"more":[29],"secure":[30],"protocols":[31],"poses":[32],"significant":[33],"challenges":[34],"for":[35,176],"internet":[36],"service":[37],"providers":[38],"utilize":[40],"traditional":[41],"classification":[43],"techniques":[44,81],"in":[45,158],"order":[46],"guarantee":[48],"Quality":[50,54],"Service":[52],"(QoS),":[53],"Experience":[56],"(QoE),":[57],"cyber-security":[59],"their":[61],"customers.":[62],"this":[64],"work,":[65],"we":[66],"introduce":[67],"two":[68,152],"methods,":[69],"namely":[70],"STFT-TC":[71,102],"DWT-TC,":[73],"leveraging":[74],"compact":[75],"time-series":[76],"representation":[77],"coupled":[78],"with":[79,170],"well-known":[80],"from":[82,112,132],"field":[84],"Digital":[86],"Signal":[87],"Processing":[88],"(DSP):":[89],"short-time":[91],"Fourier":[92],"transform":[93,99],"(STFT)":[94],"discrete":[97],"wavelet":[98,134],"(DWT).":[100],"method":[103,128],"extracts":[104,129],"suite":[106],"statistical":[108,130],"spectral":[110],"features":[111,131],"magnitude":[114],"spectrogram,":[115],"offering":[116],"fresh":[118],"perspective":[119],"on":[120,151],"interpreting":[121],"classifying":[123],"traffic.":[125],"DWT-TC":[127],"coefficients":[135],"incorporates":[137],"unique":[138],"characteristics":[139],"that":[140],"describe":[141],"signal's":[143],"shape":[144],"energy":[146],"distribution.":[147],"Evaluating":[148],"our":[149],"methods":[150],"public":[153],"QUIC":[154],"datasets":[155],"demonstrated":[156],"improvements":[157],"accuracy":[159],"up":[161,173],"5.7%.":[163],"Similarly,":[164],"F1-scores":[166],"also":[167],"showed":[168],"enhancements,":[169],"increments":[171],"5.9%":[175],"same":[178],"datasets.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}