{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2080087186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece.2014.6901017","title":"Proposing an improved optimal LQR controller for frequency regulation of a smart microgrid in case of cyber intrusions","display_name":"Proposing an improved optimal LQR controller for frequency regulation of a smart microgrid in case of cyber intrusions","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2080087186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece.2014.6901017","mag":"2080087186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccece.2014.6901017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece.2014.6901017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE 27th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065297128","display_name":"Hessam Keshtkar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hessam Keshtkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["West Virginia University, WV, USA","West Virginia University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060815599","display_name":"Farideh Doost Mohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9859-5505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farideh Doost Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["West Virginia University, WV, USA","West Virginia University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088676282","display_name":"Javad Ghorbani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7252-3247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javad Ghorbani","raw_affiliation_strings":["West Virginia University, WV, USA","West Virginia University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041729194","display_name":"Jignesh Solanki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4317-1892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jignesh Solanki","raw_affiliation_strings":["West Virginia University, WV, USA","West Virginia University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089132667","display_name":"A. Feliachi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Feliachi","raw_affiliation_strings":["West Virginia University, WV, USA","West Virginia University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065297128"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4346,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89945294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.8624637126922607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6398431062698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.6001197099685669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5931082963943481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5469683408737183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5419337153434753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.4480309784412384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.4467054307460785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.38924089074134827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3416423499584198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31759512424468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.30091047286987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.11654102802276611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0843469500541687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.8624637126922607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6398431062698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.6001197099685669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5931082963943481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5469683408737183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5419337153434753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.4480309784412384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.4467054307460785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.38924089074134827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3416423499584198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31759512424468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.30091047286987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.11654102802276611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0843469500541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccece.2014.6901017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece.2014.6901017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE 27th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993619428","https://openalex.org/W2006171709","https://openalex.org/W2020849861","https://openalex.org/W2050282514","https://openalex.org/W2055851902","https://openalex.org/W2098238113","https://openalex.org/W2098477098","https://openalex.org/W2116065935","https://openalex.org/W2119184329","https://openalex.org/W2139550572","https://openalex.org/W2150333046"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574359403","https://openalex.org/W2057975886","https://openalex.org/W2076021085","https://openalex.org/W2061539888","https://openalex.org/W3006223230","https://openalex.org/W2424479016","https://openalex.org/W2386414721","https://openalex.org/W2145753860","https://openalex.org/W2989018981","https://openalex.org/W1895825885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"an":[3,151,187],"isolated":[4],"microgrid":[5,146],"comprising":[6],"both":[7],"controllable":[8,62,203],"and":[9,21,34,46,78,115,169,184,249],"uncontrollable":[10],"sources,":[11],"such":[12,135],"as":[13,186],"solar,":[14],"wind,":[15],"diesel":[16],"generator,":[17],"fuel":[18],"cell,":[19],"aqua-electrolyser":[20],"hydrogen":[22],"storage":[23],"is":[24,72,89,101,147,173,222,241],"modeled.":[25],"After":[26],"discussing":[27],"the":[28,31,47,66,81,93,110,113,119,131,137,160,164,167,176,202,231,245],"modeling":[29],"of":[30,40,75,112,166,178,212,226,253],"power":[32,208],"system":[33,94,114,232],"different":[35,227],"generating":[36],"units,":[37],"two":[38],"kinds":[39],"control":[41,70,87,100,106,133,220,239],"approaches":[42],"have":[43,49,58],"been":[44,50,59,125],"used":[45],"results":[48],"compared":[51],"to":[52,64,117,127,141,201,205],"each":[53,182],"other.":[54],"Firstly,":[55],"PI":[56],"controllers":[57],"implemented":[60],"for":[61,91,210],"sources":[63,204],"damp":[65],"frequency":[67,138,213,228,246],"oscillations.":[68],"This":[69,99],"approach":[71,77,221],"a":[73,102,142,145,156,216],"kind":[74],"local":[76],"just":[79],"uses":[80,108],"data":[82],"locally.":[83],"Secondly,":[84],"Optimal":[85],"LQR":[86],"algorithm":[88],"employed":[90],"controlling":[92],"using":[95,191],"Particle":[96],"Swarm":[97],"Optimization.":[98],"full":[103],"state":[104,111],"feedback":[105],"which":[107],"all":[109],"tries":[116],"minimize":[118],"objective":[120],"function.":[121],"PSO":[122],"technique":[123],"has":[124],"applied":[126],"come":[128],"up":[129],"with":[130,175],"best":[132],"matrices":[134],"that":[136],"oscillation":[139],"due":[140],"disturbance":[143],"in":[144,224,230,251],"minimized.":[148],"To":[149],"establish":[150],"efficient":[152],"resource":[153],"management":[154],"strategy,":[155],"central":[157],"controller":[158],"takes":[159],"decisions":[161,198],"based":[162],"on":[163],"status":[165,172],"loads":[168],"sources.":[170],"The":[171,197,218,237],"obtained":[174],"help":[177],"multi-agent":[179],"concept":[180],"(treating":[181],"load":[183],"source":[185],"agent)":[188],"through":[189],"internet":[190],"User":[192],"Datagram":[193],"Protocol/Internet":[194],"Protocol":[195],"(UDP/IP).":[196],"are":[199],"transmitted":[200],"regulate":[206],"their":[207],"output":[209],"damping":[211],"deviations":[214],"following":[215],"disturbance.":[217],"proposed":[219,238],"tested":[223,250],"presence":[225],"changes":[229],"including":[233],"cyber":[234,254],"attack":[235],"effects.":[236],"method":[240],"improved":[242],"by":[243],"optimizing":[244],"sending":[247],"rate":[248],"case":[252],"intrusions":[255],"or":[256],"malfunctions.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
