{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412031032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cbms65348.2025.00109","title":"Supervised Machine Learning and Active Learning for Surrogate Outcome Detection in Clinical Protocols","display_name":"Supervised Machine Learning and Active Learning for Surrogate Outcome Detection in Clinical Protocols","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412031032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cbms65348.2025.00109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cbms65348.2025.00109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cbms65348.2025.00109","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 38th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118822106","display_name":"Onyeka Obuaya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Onyeka Obuaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060851208","display_name":"Saturnino Luz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8430-7875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saturnino Luz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh,Centre for Medical Informatics,Edinburgh,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh,Centre for Medical Informatics,Edinburgh,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090598840","display_name":"Shane Sheehan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0216-5055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shane Sheehan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115599690","display_name":"Rod S Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-5760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112050","display_name":"MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit","ror":"https://ror.org/02v3sdn51","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210112050","https://openalex.org/I7882870","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rod Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit,Glasgow,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit,Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112050","https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004036274","display_name":"Christopher J. Weir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6494-4903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Weir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit,Edinburgh,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit,Edinburgh,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5118822106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18416054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"510","last_page":"511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9373999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11943","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions","score":0.9186000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6930821537971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6054291129112244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5670852661132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.562444806098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.5319141745567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08383730053901672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6930821537971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6054291129112244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5670852661132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.562444806098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.5319141745567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08383730053901672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cbms65348.2025.00109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cbms65348.2025.00109","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 38th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068258779","https://openalex.org/W4393086187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"surrogate":[1,90,133],"outcome":[2,91],"is":[3,58,65,73],"a":[4,8,11,16,94,117],"substitute":[5],"measure":[6,13],"for":[7,75,88,121],"patient-final":[9],"outcome;":[10],"direct":[12],"of":[14,46,119,124,131],"how":[15],"person":[17],"feels,":[18],"functions":[19],"and/or":[20],"survives.":[21],"Intermediate":[22],"outcomes":[23,32],"can":[24],"be":[25],"defined":[26],"as":[27,49,116],"standardised":[28],"functionality":[29],"measures.":[30],"Surrogate":[31],"are":[33],"increasingly":[34],"used":[35,66],"in":[36,52,136,143],"clinical":[37,137],"trials":[38],"to":[39,67,127],"accelerate":[40],"drug":[41],"approvals,":[42],"yet":[43],"the":[44,62,122,129],"reporting":[45],"their":[47],"use":[48,135],"primary":[50,63,132],"endpoints":[51],"study":[53,114],"protocols":[54],"remains":[55],"inconsistent.":[56],"This":[57,113],"an":[59],"issue":[60],"because":[61],"endpoint":[64,134],"determine":[68],"treatment":[69],"efficacy":[70],"and":[71,78,111],"thus":[72,140],"crucial":[74],"interpreting":[76],"results":[77],"making":[79],"regulatory":[80],"decisions.":[81],"We":[82,99],"considered":[83],"various":[84],"supervised":[85],"learning":[86,126],"techniques":[87],"detecting":[89],"usage":[92],"using":[93],"three-class":[95],"text":[96],"classification":[97],"approach.":[98],"evaluated":[100],"this":[101],"approach":[102],"on":[103],"two":[104],"nervous":[105],"system":[106],"trial":[107,138],"protocol":[108],"datasets":[109],"(EUCT-NS":[110],"NS-HRA).":[112],"serves":[115],"proof":[118],"concept":[120],"potential":[123],"machine":[125],"automate":[128],"detection":[130],"protocols,":[139],"addressing":[141],"gaps":[142],"reporting.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}