{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123337178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/candar68384.2025.00032","title":"Improving Homomorphic Evaluation of Bivariate Functions in BFV via Tree-Based BSGS with Lazy Relinearization","display_name":"Improving Homomorphic Evaluation of Bivariate Functions in BFV via Tree-Based BSGS with Lazy Relinearization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123337178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/candar68384.2025.00032"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/candar68384.2025.00032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/candar68384.2025.00032","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Thirteenth International Symposium on Computing and Networking (CANDAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122907644","display_name":"Zhongqi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146399215","display_name":"University of Tsukuba","ror":"https://ror.org/02956yf07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tsukuba,Tsukuba,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tsukuba,Tsukuba,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122862637","display_name":"Haru Fujita","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146399215","display_name":"University of Tsukuba","ror":"https://ror.org/02956yf07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haru Fujita","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tsukuba,Tsukuba,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tsukuba,Tsukuba,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013613469","display_name":"Shintaro Narisada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9399-9778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164495","display_name":"KDDI Research (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/05qsqt662","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164495"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shintaro Narisada","raw_affiliation_strings":["KDDI Research, Inc.,Fujimino,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KDDI Research, Inc.,Fujimino,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032460212","display_name":"Takashi Nishide","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6518-8989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146399215","display_name":"University of Tsukuba","ror":"https://ror.org/02956yf07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takashi Nishide","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tsukuba,Tsukuba,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tsukuba,Tsukuba,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62105579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"181","last_page":"187"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9333999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9333999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.020500000566244125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.01360000018030405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bivariate-analysis","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","score":0.8547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5031999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4510999917984009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64341305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919225","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.8547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.545799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5031999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148264743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919224","display_name":"Bivariate data","level":3,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56683213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4143008","display_name":"Homomorphic filtering","level":4,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/candar68384.2025.00032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/candar68384.2025.00032","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Thirteenth International Symposium on Computing and Networking (CANDAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1,87],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"enables":[4],"arbitrary":[5,124],"computations":[6],"to":[7,91,177],"be":[8],"performed":[9],"directly":[10],"on":[11],"encrypted":[12],"data,":[13],"making":[14],"it":[15],"a":[16,118,157],"key":[17],"technology":[18],"for":[19,46,96,107,122],"privacy-preserving":[20],"computation.":[21],"However,":[22],"evaluating":[23,123],"non-linear":[24,48,125],"functions":[25,50,127],"using":[26,128],"FHE,":[27],"particularly":[28],"over":[29,58,161],"relatively":[30],"large":[31],"input":[32,168],"domains,":[33],"presents":[34],"significant":[35],"computational":[36,145],"challenges.":[37],"Maeda":[38,72],"et":[39,63,73],"al.":[40,64],"(WAHC\u201922)":[41],"proposed":[42],"an":[43],"efficient":[44],"method":[45,155],"computing":[47],"bivariate":[49,98,126],"under":[51,110,143],"the":[52,67,77,104,111,129,137,162,167,173],"BFV":[53,112,130],"scheme,":[54],"significantly":[55],"improving":[56],"performance":[57,79,159],"prior":[59,139],"work.":[60],"Subsequently,":[61],"Nakashima":[62],"(WAHC\u201924)":[65],"identified":[66],"polynomial":[68],"evaluation":[69],"operations":[70],"in":[71,141],"al.\u2019s":[74],"approach":[75],"as":[76],"primary":[78],"bottleneck.":[80],"To":[81],"address":[82],"this":[83,108,114],"issue,":[84],"they":[85],"employed":[86],"Linear":[88],"Transformation":[89],"(HLT)":[90],"achieve":[92],"further":[93,119],"efficiency":[94],"gains":[95],"nonlinear":[97],"functions.":[99],"These":[100],"two":[101,138],"approaches":[102],"represent":[103],"current":[105,163],"state-of-the-art":[106],"task":[109],"scheme.In":[113],"work,":[115],"we":[116],"present":[117],"improved":[120],"algorithm":[121],"scheme.":[131],"We":[132],"implemented":[133],"our":[134,154],"scheme":[135],"and":[136,147],"works":[140],"OpenFHE":[142],"identical":[144],"settings":[146],"parameter":[148],"configurations.":[149],"Experimental":[150],"results":[151],"show":[152],"that":[153],"achieves":[156],"10-15%":[158],"improvement":[160,174],"state-of-the-art.":[164],"Furthermore,":[165],"when":[166],"domain":[169],"size":[170],"is":[171],"expanded,":[172],"increases":[175],"up":[176],"34%.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}