{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126111460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm66473.2025.11356764","title":"Flow2MDT:Automated Construction From Flowcharts to Medical Decision Trees","display_name":"Flow2MDT:Automated Construction From Flowcharts to Medical Decision Trees","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126111460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm66473.2025.11356764"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm66473.2025.11356764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm66473.2025.11356764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124195879","display_name":"Jie Zhai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78974044","display_name":"East China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1erx18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769","https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102730412","display_name":"Yuyi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7273-9873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78974044","display_name":"East China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1erx18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769","https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406161","display_name":"Binbin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8779-4322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78974044","display_name":"East China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1erx18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binbin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769","https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhenglin Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78974044","display_name":"East China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1erx18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenglin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769","https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124155835","display_name":"Jingping Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78974044","display_name":"East China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1erx18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769","https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123339830","display_name":"Tong Ruan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78974044","display_name":"East China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1erx18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University Of Science and Technology,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769","https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124195879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769","https://openalex.org/I78974044"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85278845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5549","last_page":"5556"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.7425000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.7425000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.1527000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.017000000923871994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flowchart","display_name":"Flowchart","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.7184000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support-system","display_name":"Decision support system","score":0.4855000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support-system","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-structure","display_name":"Tree structure","score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/influence-diagram","display_name":"Influence diagram","score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.3815000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72041958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185092","display_name":"Flowchart","level":2,"score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7498000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.7184000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.4855000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4657000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20837028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623966","display_name":"Influence diagram","level":3,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5481197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16766476","display_name":"Decision tree learning","level":3,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17231256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156540","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186116695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249226","display_name":"Decision analysis","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84839998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249245","display_name":"Decision rule","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989179672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6806500","display_name":"Clinical decision making","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172967692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747762","display_name":"Decision table","level":3,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm66473.2025.11356764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm66473.2025.11356764","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7357571721076965}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1584935767","https://openalex.org/W1731670240","https://openalex.org/W2616878021","https://openalex.org/W2765424380","https://openalex.org/W2983785163","https://openalex.org/W3116427155","https://openalex.org/W3186564193","https://openalex.org/W4213050929","https://openalex.org/W4377234261","https://openalex.org/W4403488648","https://openalex.org/W4404781857","https://openalex.org/W4404782611","https://openalex.org/W4406416323"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Medical":[0],"Decision":[1],"Trees":[2],"(MDTs)":[3],"are":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6,49],"in":[7,40,52,131,156,186,209],"clinical":[8,19,54,147,187],"decision":[9,20,60,173,188],"support":[10],"due":[11,64],"to":[12,32,59,65,112,143],"their":[13],"interpretability.":[14],"Current":[15],"methods":[16,208],"for":[17],"constructing":[18,210],"trees":[21,61],"often":[22],"only":[23],"capture":[24],"fragmented":[25],"segments":[26],"of":[27,101,154,159,184,218],"the":[28,93,114,122,132,137,151,157,181,194,216],"diagnostic":[29,172,176],"process,":[30],"failing":[31],"represent":[33],"its":[34,219],"full":[35],"scope.":[36],"In":[37,92],"contrast,":[38],"flowcharts":[39,58],"medical":[41,90,160],"literature":[42],"typically":[43],"reflect":[44],"comprehensive":[45],"decision-making":[46],"logic":[47],"as":[48],"by":[50],"experts":[51],"real":[53],"settings.":[55],"However,":[56],"converting":[57],"is":[62],"challenging":[63],"complex":[66],"structure":[67,142],"parsing":[68],"and":[69,104,140,175,198],"irregular":[70],"rule":[71],"formats.":[72],"To":[73,149],"address":[74],"this,":[75],"we":[76,96,135,162],"propose":[77],"Flow2MDT":[78,185,205],"(Flow2Dot":[79],"&":[80],"Dot2MDT),":[81],"an":[82,165],"automated":[83],"framework":[84],"that":[85,204],"constructs":[86],"high-quality":[87],"MDTs":[88,155],"from":[89],"flowcharts.":[91],"Flow2Dot":[94],"stage,":[95,134],"first":[97],"built":[98],"a":[99,106,126],"dataset":[100,111,197,202],"flowchart-Dot":[102],"scripts":[103],"fine-tuned":[105],"multimodal":[107],"model":[108,118],"with":[109,146],"this":[110],"construct":[113],"end-to-end":[115],"flowchart":[116,124],"recognition":[117],"F2D,":[119],"which":[120],"converts":[121],"input":[123],"into":[125],"Dot":[127],"script":[128],"output.":[129],"Then,":[130],"Dot2MDT":[133],"optimized":[136],"node":[138],"representation":[139],"tree":[141],"better":[144],"align":[145],"reasoning.":[148],"explore":[150],"application":[152],"value":[153],"field":[158],"decisionmaking,":[161],"have":[163],"developed":[164],"interactive":[166],"differential":[167],"diagnosis":[168],"method":[169],"based":[170],"on":[171,192],"pathways":[174],"evidence":[177],"completeness":[178],"assessment,":[179],"demonstrating":[180],"practical":[182],"utility":[183],"support.":[189],"Experimental":[190],"results":[191],"both":[193],"public":[195],"DDxPlus":[196],"our":[199],"self-built":[200],"MFMDT":[201],"demonstrate":[203],"outperforms":[206],"existing":[207],"MDTs.":[211],"Ablation":[212],"studies":[213],"further":[214],"validate":[215],"contributions":[217],"key":[220],"components.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}