{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125897915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase63991.2025.00222","title":"State Field Coverage: A Metric for Oracle Quality","display_name":"State Field Coverage: A Metric for Oracle Quality","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125897915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase63991.2025.00222"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ase63991.2025.00222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase63991.2025.00222","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 40th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074123997","display_name":"Facundo Molina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2441-1555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162154","display_name":"IMDEA Software Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04xvfkh51","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I4210162154"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Facundo Molina","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Software Institute,Madrid,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Software Institute,Madrid,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162154"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016401353","display_name":"Nazareno Aguirre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0532-5296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15366983","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Cuarto","ror":"https://ror.org/0002pcv65","country_code":"AR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15366983"]}],"countries":["AR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazareno Aguirre","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rio Cuarto and CONICET,Rio Cuarto,Argentina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rio Cuarto and CONICET,Rio Cuarto,Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15366983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051928160","display_name":"Alessandra Gorla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6711-3080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162154","display_name":"IMDEA Software Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04xvfkh51","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I4210162154"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandra Gorla","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Software Institute,Madrid,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Software Institute,Madrid,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162154"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4691,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87536967,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2707","last_page":"2719"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.8810999989509583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.8810999989509583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.08619999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.8307999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6568999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-metric","display_name":"Software metric","score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-coverage","display_name":"Code coverage","score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intuition","display_name":"Intuition","score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4499000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.4300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.8307999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6568999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4499000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4375999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162443782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066228","display_name":"White-box testing","level":5,"score":0.39250001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161821725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917415","display_name":"Regression testing","level":5,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33054407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504747","display_name":"Software verification","level":5,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984328558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188522","display_name":"Software testing","level":3,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165825675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399743","display_name":"Model-based testing","level":4,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151552104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705809","display_name":"Test suite","level":4,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108913964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2376856","display_name":"System under test","level":4,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ase63991.2025.00222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ase63991.2025.00222","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 40th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139668136","https://openalex.org/W163074494","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W2028990673","https://openalex.org/W2041713059","https://openalex.org/W2052363833","https://openalex.org/W2073655054","https://openalex.org/W2077258409","https://openalex.org/W2079055089","https://openalex.org/W2100414549","https://openalex.org/W2107709519","https://openalex.org/W2135937266","https://openalex.org/W2145733341","https://openalex.org/W2156723666","https://openalex.org/W2170648661","https://openalex.org/W2170771779","https://openalex.org/W2464784130","https://openalex.org/W2466388701","https://openalex.org/W2725449579","https://openalex.org/W2879105418","https://openalex.org/W2967869969","https://openalex.org/W3098391866","https://openalex.org/W3160282589","https://openalex.org/W3161580966","https://openalex.org/W3184041223","https://openalex.org/W4205092808","https://openalex.org/W4244488020","https://openalex.org/W4253606798","https://openalex.org/W4284678181","https://openalex.org/W4285814650","https://openalex.org/W4384154653","https://openalex.org/W4384155543","https://openalex.org/W4385473722","https://openalex.org/W4388212716","https://openalex.org/W4394606321","https://openalex.org/W4399206703","https://openalex.org/W4400582751","https://openalex.org/W4405441291","https://openalex.org/W4406867742","https://openalex.org/W4411552119"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,131,222],"effectiveness":[1,54],"of":[2,14,30,46,55,87,112,134,163],"testing":[3,57],"in":[4,152],"uncovering":[5],"software":[6,38,154],"defects":[7],"depends":[8],"not":[9],"only":[10],"on":[11,27],"the":[12,15,23,28,31,37,44,52,56,110,153,164,180,188,242],"characteristics":[13],"test":[16,129,198,220],"inputs":[17],"and":[18,192,218],"how":[19],"thoroughly":[20],"they":[21,68,81,158],"exercise":[22],"software,":[24],"but":[25,67],"also":[26],"quality":[29,45],"oracles":[32,47,139,199],"used":[33,63],"to":[34,50,71,84,149,167,177],"determine":[35,168],"whether":[36,169],"behaves":[39],"as":[40,116,157,237],"expected.":[41],"Therefore,":[42],"assessing":[43,104,234],"is":[48,137,190,229],"crucial":[49],"improve":[51],"overall":[53],"process.":[58],"Existing":[59],"metrics":[60],"have":[61],"been":[62],"for":[64,76,103,196,233],"this":[65,93],"purpose,":[66],"either":[69],"fail":[70],"provide":[72],"a":[73,100,141,160,175,230],"comprehensive":[74],"basis":[75],"guiding":[77],"oracle":[78,105,125,235],"improvement,":[79],"or":[80,172],"are":[82,146],"tailored":[83],"specific":[85],"types":[86],"oracles,":[88],"thus":[89],"limiting":[90],"their":[91],"generality.In":[92],"paper,":[94],"we":[95],"introduce":[96],"state":[97,143,181,202,209,226],"field":[98,144,182,210,227],"coverage,":[99],"novel":[101],"metric":[102,108,136,189,232],"quality.":[106],"This":[107],"measures":[109],"proportion":[111],"an":[113,124],"object\u2019s":[114],"state,":[115],"statically":[117,178,186],"defined":[118],"by":[119,200,247],"its":[120],"class":[121],"fields,":[122],"that":[123,138,204,225],"may":[126],"access":[127],"during":[128],"execution.":[130],"main":[132],"intuition":[133],"our":[135],"with":[140,241],"higher":[142],"coverage":[145,183,211,228],"more":[147],"likely":[148],"detect":[150],"faults":[151],"under":[155],"analysis,":[156],"inspect":[159],"larger":[161],"portion":[162],"object":[165],"states":[166],"tests":[170],"pass":[171],"not.We":[173],"implement":[174],"mechanism":[176],"compute":[179],"metric.":[184],"Being":[185],"computed,":[187],"efficient":[191],"provides":[193],"direct":[194],"guidance":[195],"improving":[197],"identifying":[201],"fields":[203],"remain":[205],"unexamined.":[206],"We":[207],"evaluate":[208],"through":[212],"experiments":[213],"involving":[214],"273":[215],"representation":[216],"invariants":[217],"249,027":[219],"assertions.":[221],"results":[223],"show":[224],"well-suited":[231],"quality,":[236],"it":[238],"strongly":[239],"correlates":[240],"oracles\u2019":[243],"fault-detection":[244],"ability,":[245],"measured":[246],"mutation":[248],"score.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T08:55:40.977307","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}