{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1947535385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ares.2015.57","title":"Effectiveness of Opcode ngrams for Detection of Multi Family Android Malware","display_name":"Effectiveness of Opcode ngrams for Detection of Multi Family Android Malware","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1947535385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ares.2015.57","mag":"1947535385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ares.2015.57","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ares.2015.57","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 10th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2864919","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006915371","display_name":"Gerardo Canfora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0049-1279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gerardo Canfora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy","Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento-Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento-Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031604878","display_name":"Andrea De Lorenzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7628-7672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088820","display_name":"International School of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/006ffhv52","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088820"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea De Lorenzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Eng. & Archit., Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, IT","Dept. of Eng. & Archit., Univ. of Trieste, Trieste, , Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Eng. & Archit., Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, IT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088820","https://openalex.org/I142444530"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Eng. & Archit., Univ. of Trieste, Trieste, , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074055647","display_name":"Eric Medvet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-2113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Medvet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy","Dept. of Eng. & Archit., Univ. of Trieste, Trieste, , Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Eng. & Archit., Univ. of Trieste, Trieste, , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023695406","display_name":"Francesco Mercaldo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9425-1657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Mercaldo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy","Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento-Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento-Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048951071","display_name":"Corrado Aaron Visaggio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0558-4450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corrado Aaron Visaggio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy","Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento-Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento-Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006915371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.3485,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":118,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99090432,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"333","last_page":"340"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opcode","display_name":"Opcode","score":0.9907647371292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.9085004925727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-malware","display_name":"Android malware","score":0.8245850205421448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.8063946962356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7643320560455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-malware","display_name":"Mobile malware","score":0.504930317401886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3526220917701721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3320017457008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32869648933410645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52173422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766483","display_name":"Opcode","level":2,"score":0.9907647371292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.9085004925727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989133298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android malware","level":3,"score":0.8245850205421448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.8063946962356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7643320560455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780967490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1291200","display_name":"Mobile malware","level":3,"score":0.504930317401886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3526220917701721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3320017457008362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32869648933410645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ares.2015.57","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ares.2015.57","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 10th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arts.units.it:11368/2864919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2864919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400480","display_name":"ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","host_organization_name":"University of Trieste","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arts.units.it:11368/2864919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2864919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400480","display_name":"ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","host_organization_name":"University of Trieste","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79696261","https://openalex.org/W192227941","https://openalex.org/W992908829","https://openalex.org/W1503224444","https://openalex.org/W1542951150","https://openalex.org/W1967489804","https://openalex.org/W1984008582","https://openalex.org/W2019798206","https://openalex.org/W2024071684","https://openalex.org/W2025211108","https://openalex.org/W2034938003","https://openalex.org/W2056388267","https://openalex.org/W2058180826","https://openalex.org/W2059043756","https://openalex.org/W2059780777","https://openalex.org/W2075360618","https://openalex.org/W2085700758","https://openalex.org/W2099525266","https://openalex.org/W2104839588","https://openalex.org/W2106525823","https://openalex.org/W2122672392","https://openalex.org/W2125011234","https://openalex.org/W2127723417","https://openalex.org/W2141198770","https://openalex.org/W2152149943","https://openalex.org/W2156744053","https://openalex.org/W2156938859","https://openalex.org/W2501850647","https://openalex.org/W2911429478","https://openalex.org/W2998768810","https://openalex.org/W3099263166","https://openalex.org/W6603196380","https://openalex.org/W6607910614","https://openalex.org/W6629915129","https://openalex.org/W6632618288","https://openalex.org/W6642134345"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560986557","https://openalex.org/W2951900017","https://openalex.org/W4206406691","https://openalex.org/W3110859274","https://openalex.org/W3003422325","https://openalex.org/W4313395342","https://openalex.org/W2900842357","https://openalex.org/W2762374902","https://openalex.org/W2910564901","https://openalex.org/W2055644828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,61,74,161],"wide":[2],"diffusion":[3],"of":[4,12,24,34,84,86,124,137,141,155],"smartphones":[5],"and":[6,14,94],"their":[7],"usage":[8],"in":[9,52,56,60,73,90],"a":[10,31,115,133],"plethora":[11],"processes":[13],"activities,":[15],"these":[16],"devices":[17],"have":[18],"been":[19],"handling":[20],"an":[21,153],"increasing":[22],"variety":[23],"sensitive":[25],"resources.":[26],"Attackers":[27],"are":[28,66,88,105,143],"hence":[29],"producing":[30],"large":[32],"number":[33],"malware":[35,53,93,100,144,173],"applications":[36],"for":[37,68,102,169],"Android":[38,75,92],"(the":[39],"most":[40],"spread":[41],"mobile":[42],"platform),":[43],"often":[44],"by":[45],"slightly":[46],"modifying":[47],"existing":[48],"applications,":[49,139],"which":[50,103,142],"results":[51],"being":[54],"organized":[55],"families.":[57,149],"Some":[58],"works":[59],"literature":[62],"showed":[63],"that":[64,152],"opcodes":[65,87,125],"informative":[67],"detecting":[69,91],"malware,":[70],"not":[71],"only":[72],"platform.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78,111],"paper,":[79],"we":[80,113,128],"investigate":[81],"if":[82,95],"frequencies":[83,123],"ngrams":[85],"effective":[89],"there":[96],"is":[97,167],"some":[98],"significant":[99],"family":[101],"they":[104],"more":[106,170],"or":[107],"less":[108],"effective.":[109],"To":[110],"end,":[112],"designed":[114],"method":[116],"based":[117],"on":[118,132,160],"state-of-the-art":[119],"classifiers":[120],"applied":[121],"to":[122,146],"ngrams.":[126],"Then,":[127],"experimentally":[129],"evaluated":[130],"it":[131],"recent":[134],"dataset":[135],"composed":[136],"11120":[138],"5560":[140],"belonging":[145],"several":[147],"different":[148],"Results":[150],"show":[151],"accuracy":[154],"97%":[156],"can":[157],"be":[158],"obtained":[159],"average,":[162],"whereas":[163],"perfect":[164],"detection":[165],"rate":[166],"achieved":[168],"than":[171],"one":[172],"family.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}