{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2123941108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301635","title":"Face recognition under varying lighting conditions using self quotient image","display_name":"Face recognition under varying lighting conditions using self quotient image","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2123941108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301635","mag":"2123941108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2004.1301635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301635","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101631497","display_name":"Haitao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6246-6402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Beijing, China","Inst. of Autom. Chinese Acad. of Sci., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Autom. Chinese Acad. of Sci., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070408849","display_name":"S.Z. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3781-6591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.Z. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Sigma Center, Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China","Beijing Sigma Center, Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Sigma Center, Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Sigma Center, Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115589265","display_name":"Yangsheng Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangsheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101631497"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4718,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":346,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98130914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"819","last_page":"824"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7338465452194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.731867790222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6680614948272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.6289706230163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quotient","display_name":"Quotient","score":0.6275670528411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5887628197669983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.5670803785324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5616281032562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4686533808708191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44484078884124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.42458558082580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3639841675758362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3500235676765442}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7338465452194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.731867790222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6680614948272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6289706230163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199422724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41118","display_name":"Quotient","level":2,"score":0.6275670528411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5887628197669983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5670803785324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5616281032562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4686533808708191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44484078884124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.42458558082580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3639841675758362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3500235676765442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/afgr.2004.1301635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/afgr.2004.1301635","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548322265","https://openalex.org/W1581809140","https://openalex.org/W1595501465","https://openalex.org/W2060488209","https://openalex.org/W2063718733","https://openalex.org/W2097014337","https://openalex.org/W2105649179","https://openalex.org/W2121900453","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2134875082","https://openalex.org/W2143915994","https://openalex.org/W2144143728","https://openalex.org/W2150721269","https://openalex.org/W2155759509","https://openalex.org/W2157500953","https://openalex.org/W2165916500","https://openalex.org/W2168068730","https://openalex.org/W2170464076","https://openalex.org/W2179426874","https://openalex.org/W2416806906"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2893218741","https://openalex.org/W2558319350","https://openalex.org/W1492594177","https://openalex.org/W1842742976","https://openalex.org/W2803235238","https://openalex.org/W399661440","https://openalex.org/W410356389","https://openalex.org/W639782700","https://openalex.org/W1992929574","https://openalex.org/W2985118265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"introduce":[4],"the":[5,23,42,70,89,106],"concept":[6],"of":[7,56,61,108],"self-quotient":[8],"image":[9,25,53],"(SQI)":[10],"for":[11,54,98,111],"robust":[12,112],"face":[13,52,63,113],"recognition":[14,114],"under":[15,115],"varying":[16,116],"lighting":[17,39,58,117],"conditions.":[18,118],"It":[19],"is":[20,75,91],"based":[21],"on":[22,86],"quotient":[24],"method":[26,110],"(Amnon":[27],"Shashua":[28],"et":[29,34],"al.,":[30,35],"2001)":[31],"(T.":[32],"Riklin-Raviv":[33],"1999)":[36],"to":[37,69],"achieve":[38],"invariance.":[40],"However,":[41],"SQI":[43,100],"has":[44],"three":[45],"advantages:":[46],"(1)":[47],"it":[48,78],"needs":[49],"only":[50],"one":[51],"extraction":[55],"intrinsic":[57],"invariant":[59],"property":[60],"a":[62,94],"while":[64],"removing":[65],"extrinsic":[66],"factor":[67],"corresponding":[68],"lighting;":[71],"(2)":[72],"no":[73],"alignment":[74],"needed;":[76],"(3)":[77],"works":[79],"in":[80],"shadow":[81],"regions.":[82],"The":[83],"theoretical":[84],"analysis":[85],"conditions":[87],"where":[88],"algorithm":[90,97],"applicable":[92],"and":[93],"non-iterative":[95],"filtering":[96],"computing":[99],"are":[101],"presented.":[102],"Experiment":[103],"results":[104],"demonstrate":[105],"effectiveness":[107],"our":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":37}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}