{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996693974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acirs.2019.8935997","title":"Categorizing License Plates Using Convolutional Neural Network with Residual Learning","display_name":"Categorizing License Plates Using Convolutional Neural Network with Residual Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996693974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acirs.2019.8935997","mag":"2996693974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/acirs.2019.8935997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acirs.2019.8935997","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Intelligent Robot Systems (ACIRS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017907414","display_name":"John Anthony C. Jose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5876-8018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5996616","display_name":"De La Salle University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xftk194","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Anthony C. Jose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082050578","display_name":"Jose Martin Z. Maningo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2823-2279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5996616","display_name":"De La Salle University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xftk194","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Martin Z. Maningo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080861843","display_name":"Jayson P. Rogelio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5996616","display_name":"De La Salle University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xftk194","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayson P. Rogelio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084335648","display_name":"Argel A. Bandala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-4858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5996616","display_name":"De La Salle University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xftk194","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Argel A. Bandala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043106023","display_name":"Ryan Rhay P. Vicerra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-3749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5996616","display_name":"De La Salle University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xftk194","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Rhay Vicerra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manufacturing Engineering and Management Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manufacturing Engineering and Management Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007121660","display_name":"Edwin Sybingco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1296-3616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5996616","display_name":"De La Salle University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xftk194","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Sybingco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055594543","display_name":"Phoebe Mae L. Ching","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-3785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5996616","display_name":"De La Salle University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xftk194","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phoebe Mae L. Ching","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027440897","display_name":"Elmer P. Dadios","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-389X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5996616","display_name":"De La Salle University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xftk194","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elmer P. Dadios","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manufacturing Engineering and Management Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manufacturing Engineering and Management Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5996616"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.35,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89791667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"231","last_page":"234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9492999911308289,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7048144936561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.6923178434371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6843412518501282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.68392413854599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6649341583251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.6036229133605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5953556299209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5394718050956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.5331816673278809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5107147693634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4308735728263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42850616574287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reset","display_name":"Reset (finance)","score":0.42209097743034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36809664964675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19619348645210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16214203834533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10635340213775635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7048144936561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.6923178434371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6843412518501282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.68392413854599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6649341583251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.6036229133605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5953556299209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5394718050956726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.5331816673278809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5107147693634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4308735728263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42850616574287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779795794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315343","display_name":"Reset (finance)","level":2,"score":0.42209097743034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36809664964675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19619348645210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16214203834533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10635340213775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/acirs.2019.8935997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acirs.2019.8935997","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 4th Asia-Pacific Conference on Intelligent Robot Systems (ACIRS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599642293","https://openalex.org/W1932847118","https://openalex.org/W2011808723","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2309015593","https://openalex.org/W2336995393","https://openalex.org/W2398119451","https://openalex.org/W2524008204","https://openalex.org/W2577520756","https://openalex.org/W2586229474","https://openalex.org/W2604593829","https://openalex.org/W2763109982","https://openalex.org/W2769158567","https://openalex.org/W2782283130","https://openalex.org/W2786808112","https://openalex.org/W2798150676","https://openalex.org/W2919230598","https://openalex.org/W2997050162","https://openalex.org/W3012183310","https://openalex.org/W4231224646","https://openalex.org/W4294391685","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6771908839","https://openalex.org/W6780493881"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2997709384","https://openalex.org/W3217540330","https://openalex.org/W4220996320","https://openalex.org/W2744043610","https://openalex.org/W3162092403","https://openalex.org/W2767651786","https://openalex.org/W2807839383","https://openalex.org/W2760944304","https://openalex.org/W2766077222","https://openalex.org/W2996693974"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Like":[0],"other":[1],"countries,":[2],"the":[3,37,54,117,125,130,133,169,173,176,186],"Philippines":[4],"uses":[5],"various":[6],"license":[7,39],"plate":[8],"standards":[9],"wherein":[10,110],"some":[11,15],"purely":[12],"text":[13],"while":[14],"are":[16,79],"hybrid":[17],"graphic-text":[18],"plates.":[19],"And":[20],"to":[21],"harness":[22],"its":[23],"generalizability,":[24],"this":[25,85,102],"study":[26,103],"developed":[27],"a":[28,33,47,111,148],"classification":[29,134],"algorithm":[30],"utilized":[31],"as":[32,59],"pre-processing":[34],"scheme":[35],"for":[36,73,84,157,172],"multi-standard":[38],"plate.":[40],"With":[41],"an":[42],"input":[43],"image":[44],"captured":[45,83],"at":[46,147],"different":[48,81],"perspective,":[49],"it":[50,138],"was":[51,120,144],"feed":[52],"into":[53],"neural":[55],"network":[56,113],"and":[57,65,70,98,122,136,140,153,171,182],"classify":[58],"Rizal":[60,93],"monument":[61],"series":[62,69],"(2001":[63],"base":[64],"2003":[66],"base),":[67],"2014":[68],"conduction":[71,89],"sticker":[72,90],"new":[74,126],"vehicles.":[75],"In":[76],"total,":[77],"there":[78],"303":[80],"images":[82],"study.":[86],"Around":[87],"100":[88,96],"images,":[91,95],"103":[92],"Monument":[94],"black":[97],"white":[99],"images.":[100],"Furthermore,":[101],"focused":[104],"on":[105,124],"using":[106],"transfer":[107],"learning":[108,149],"technique,":[109],"trained":[112],"utilized,":[114],"then":[115],"only":[116],"last":[118],"layer":[119],"reset":[121],"retrained":[123],"dataset.":[127],"To":[128],"measure":[129],"performance":[131],"of":[132,151,164,190],"model":[135],"optimized":[137],"cross-entropy":[139],"stochastic":[141],"gradient":[142],"descent":[143],"employed":[145],"respectively":[146],"rate":[150],"0.001":[152],"reduced":[154],"by":[155],"10":[156],"every":[158],"seven":[159],"(7)":[160],"epochs.":[161],"The":[162],"progression":[163],"accuracy":[165,189],"results":[166],"in":[167,179],"increasing":[168],"epochs,":[170,175],"25":[174],"training":[177],"completed":[178],"4":[180],"minutes":[181],"7":[183],"seconds":[184],"with":[185],"best":[187],"validation":[188],"82.61%.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
