{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163526313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700449","title":"Decoupling Governance From Consensus: An Anchor-Only Architecture for EHDS Based on eIDAS 2.0","display_name":"Decoupling Governance From Consensus: An Anchor-Only Architecture for EHDS Based on eIDAS 2.0","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163526313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3700449","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700449","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071211932","display_name":"Elder Bruno Evaristo Correa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4031-6857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59606676","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03q9sr818","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elder Bruno Evaristo Correa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Computer Science, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4031-6857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Computer Science, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137884591","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o C. A. Ferreira","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182204967","display_name":"Molde University College","ror":"https://ror.org/00kxjcd28","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182204967"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o C. A. Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Logistics, Molde University College, Molde, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6662-0806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Logistics, Molde University College, Molde, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182204967"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122581673","display_name":"Ant\u00f4nio J. G. Abel\u00e9m","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59606676","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03q9sr818","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio J. G. Abel\u00e9m","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Computer Science, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4085-6674","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Computer Science, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59606676"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91096567,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"85551","last_page":"85566"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.12639999389648438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.12639999389648438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.12540000677108765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.07750000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoupling","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","score":0.6098999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5971999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-architecture","display_name":"Systems architecture","score":0.2581000030040741}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6916000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205606062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249645","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","level":2,"score":0.6098999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5971999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2451000064611435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23659999668598175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3700449","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8e931379e0bf48a28fcd5dd2a53947af","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8e931379e0bf48a28fcd5dd2a53947af","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 85551-85566 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3700449","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.40621814131736755}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116,155],"European":[1],"Health":[2,270,303],"Data":[3,24,320,327],"Space":[4],"(EHDS)":[5],"requires":[6],"interoperable":[7],"and":[8,43,50,60,77,93,103,149,168,207,224,267,324,333,346,355,371],"secure":[9],"infrastructures":[10],"capable":[11],"of":[12,205,228,235,243,379],"supporting":[13],"cross-border":[14,152],"health":[15],"data":[16,58,332,373],"exchange":[17],"while":[18],"remaining":[19],"aligned":[20],"with":[21,40,53,375],"the":[22,61,69,113,203,244,247,282,296,315,319,325,361],"General":[23],"Protection":[25],"Regulation":[26],"(GDPR).":[27],"Existing":[28],"Distributed":[29],"Ledger":[30],"Technology":[31],"(DLT)-based":[32],"approaches":[33],"remain":[34,334],"predominantly":[35],"ledger-centric,":[36],"coupling":[37],"governance":[38,82,236,365],"logic":[39],"consensus":[41],"execution":[42],"introducing":[44],"non-deterministic":[45],"scalability,":[46],"high":[47],"computational":[48],"overhead,":[49],"structural":[51,241],"conflicts":[52],"GDPR":[54,339],"principles":[55],"such":[56],"as":[57],"minimization":[59,374],"Right":[62],"to":[63,107,120,188,199,295,337],"be":[64,350],"Forgotten.":[65],"This":[66],"paper":[67],"proposes":[68],"Machine-Readable":[70],"Governance":[71],"(MRG)":[72],"Anchor-Only":[73],"architecture,":[74],"a":[75,121,179,189,240],"federated":[76],"infrastructure-agnostic":[78],"model":[79],"that":[80,285],"decouples":[81],"semantics":[83],"from":[84,133],"blockchain":[85,117,297],"execution.":[86],"Leveraging":[87],"eIDAS":[88],"2.0":[89],"components\u2014Decentralized":[90],"Identifiers":[91],"(DIDs)":[92],"Verifiable":[94,326],"Credentials":[95],"(VCs)\u2014the":[96],"architecture":[97,362],"externalizes":[98],"identity":[99],"verification,":[100],"policy":[101,237],"evaluation,":[102],"purpose-bound":[104,364],"access":[105],"control":[106],"decentralized":[108],"off-chain":[109],"agents":[110],"operating":[111],"at":[112,174,221,252],"network":[114],"edge.":[115],"is":[118,250,278,311],"reduced":[119],"passive":[122],"semantic":[123],"anchoring":[124,232,298,369],"layer":[125,299],"recording":[126],"only":[127],"fixed-size":[128],"32-byte":[129],"cryptographic":[130,184],"commitments":[131],"derived":[132],"deterministic":[134,367],"canonicalization":[135],"(RFC":[136],"8785).":[137],"A":[138],"Proof-of-Concept":[139],"(PoC)":[140],"was":[141],"implemented":[142],"on":[143,281,314],"an":[144],"8-node":[145],"Hyperledger":[146],"Besu":[147,169],"consortium":[148],"evaluated":[150],"under":[151,341],"healthcare":[153],"conditions.":[154],"complete":[156],"smart":[157],"contract":[158],"OrganicGovernanceRegistry.sol,":[159],"ABI,":[160],"deployment":[161],"scripts,":[162],"workload":[163],"generator,":[164],"raw":[165],"benchmark":[166],"data,":[167],"configuration":[170],"are":[171,210],"publicly":[172],"available":[173],"https://github.com/evaristocpqd/ehds-mrg.git.":[175],"Experimental":[176],"results":[177],"demonstrate":[178],"three-order-of-":[180],"magnitude":[181],"reduction":[182],"in":[183,213,264,290],"processing":[185],"latency":[186,220],"relative":[187],"worst-case":[190],"pure-Solidity":[191],"on-chain":[192,198,248,368,377],"verification":[193],"baseline":[194,206],"(from":[195],"\u223c2500":[196],"ms":[197,201,217],"\u223c2.5":[200],"off-chain;":[202],"choice":[204],"its":[208],"limitations":[209],"discussed":[211],"explicitly":[212],"Section":[214],"V-A),":[215],"sub-100":[216],"DID":[218],"resolution":[219],"2,000":[222],"requests/hour,":[223],"constant":[225],"gas":[226],"consumption":[227],"64,960":[229],"units":[230],"per":[231,255],"transaction":[233],"independent":[234],"complexity.":[238],"As":[239],"consequence":[242],"anchor-only":[245],"design,":[246],"footprint":[249],"fixed":[251],"192":[253],"bytes":[254,259],"record":[256],"(versus":[257],">2,560":[258],"for":[260],"full":[261],"OIDC4VP":[262],"payloads":[263],"ledger-centric":[265],"baselines),":[266],"no":[268],"Protected":[269,302],"Information":[271,276,304,309],"(PHI)":[272,305],"or":[273,306],"Personally":[274,307],"Identifiable":[275,308],"(PII)":[277,310],"ever":[279,312],"recorded":[280,313],"ledger.We":[283],"emphasize":[284],"all":[286],"GDPR-related":[287],"guarantees":[288],"claimed":[289],"this":[291,358],"work":[292],"apply":[293],"strictly":[294],"only.":[300],"No":[301],"ledger.":[316],"Off-chain":[317],"agents,":[318],"Sharing":[321],"Repository":[322],"(DSR),":[323],"Registry":[328],"(VDR)":[329],"process":[330],"personal":[331],"fully":[335],"subject":[336],"standard":[338],"obligations":[340],"Articles":[342],"5,":[343],"6,":[344],"25,":[345],"32,":[347],"which":[348],"must":[349],"addressed":[351],"by":[352],"complementary":[353],"technical":[354],"organizational":[356],"measures.Within":[357],"scoped":[359],"interpretation,":[360],"achieves":[363],"(P1),":[366],"(P2),":[370],"ledger-level":[372],"zero":[376],"exposure":[378],"PHI/PII":[380],"(P3).":[381]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T07:44:22.658603","created_date":"2026-06-05T00:00:00"}