{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163018934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698846","title":"A K-Band CMOS Variable-Gain Phase Shifter Using an Impedance-Invariant Vector-Summing Amplifier With Adaptive Bleeding Currents","display_name":"A K-Band CMOS Variable-Gain Phase Shifter Using an Impedance-Invariant Vector-Summing Amplifier With Adaptive Bleeding Currents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163018934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3698846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698846","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032528298","display_name":"Dong\u2010Jun Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8673-2234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Jun Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8673-2234","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054770407","display_name":"Yeonseung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0399-2976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeonseung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Computing Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Computing Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101413982","display_name":"Jinseok Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0389-9707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinseok Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7743-4112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137603544","display_name":"Songcheol Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3675-1565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songcheol Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3675-1565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82760727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"84841","last_page":"84846"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9013000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9013000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.05999999865889549,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.006899999920278788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5223000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-module","display_name":"Phase shift module","score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-amplifier","display_name":"Differential amplifier","score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-amplifier","display_name":"Operational amplifier","score":0.3109999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5224999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5223000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103864889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4480524","display_name":"Phase shift module","level":3,"score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11722477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056298","display_name":"Differential amplifier","level":4,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145366948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178947","display_name":"Operational amplifier","level":4,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144534570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5325","display_name":"Inductor","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3698846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d727fe4bb6f8450898833f215fd270b4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d727fe4bb6f8450898833f215fd270b4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 84841-84846 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3698846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3698846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5496260523796082,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2997694540","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00229817","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8375188193","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-00341195","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"K-band":[1],"variable-gain":[2],"phase":[3,34,73,111,123],"shifter":[4],"(VGPS)":[5],"based":[6],"on":[7],"an":[8,132],"impedance-invariant":[9],"vector-summing":[10],"amplifier":[11],"(VSA)":[12],"is":[13,21],"presented.":[14],"The":[15,36,106,136],"VSA":[16,37,61],"employing":[17],"adaptive":[18,40],"bleeding":[19,41],"currents":[20,42,58],"proposed":[22],"to":[23,68],"maintain":[24],"constant":[25,54],"input":[26,55],"and":[27,33,38,56,72,99,110,118,127,139],"output":[28,57],"impedances":[29],"across":[30,62],"all":[31,63],"gain":[32,71,78,92,109,129],"states.":[35],"its":[39],"are":[43,113,142],"controlled":[44],"by":[45],"specially":[46],"designed":[47],"digital-to-analog":[48],"converters":[49],"(DACs).":[50],"This":[51],"configuration":[52],"ensures":[53],"in":[59,82],"the":[60,66,87],"states,":[64],"enabling":[65],"VGPS":[67,88],"achieve":[69],"low":[70],"errors":[74,112],"over":[75,125,131],"a":[76,90,100],"wide":[77],"dynamic":[79,134],"range.":[80,135],"Fabricated":[81],"65-nm":[83],"bulk":[84],"CMOS":[85],"technology,":[86],"achieves":[89],"peak":[91],"of":[93,103],"2.7":[94],"dB":[95,117],"at":[96],"25.5":[97],"GHz":[98],"3-dB":[101],"bandwidth":[102],"23.3\u201327.5":[104],"GHz.":[105],"root-meansquare":[107],"(rms)":[108],"less":[114],"than":[115],"0.2":[116],"0.85\u00b0,":[119],"respectively,":[120],"with":[121],"6-bit":[122],"control":[124,130],"360\u00b0":[126],"4-bit":[128],"18-dB":[133],"core":[137],"area":[138],"power":[140],"consumption":[141],"0.41":[143],"mm2and":[144],"13.3":[145],"mW,":[146],"respectively.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-06-02T00:00:00"}
