{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416788033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694865","title":"Design and Performance Assessment of a Virtualized IED for Digital Substations","display_name":"Design and Performance Assessment of a Virtualized IED for Digital Substations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416788033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694865"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3694865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694865","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113511928","display_name":"Alailton J. Alves Junior","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7710-8798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092357","display_name":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00fy4at53","country_code":"MD","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112090838","https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}],"countries":["MD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alailton J. Alves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, S&#x00E3;o Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of S&#x00E3;o Paulo (USP), S&#x00E3;o Carlos, S&#x00E3;o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7710-8798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, S&#x00E3;o Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of S&#x00E3;o Paulo (USP), S&#x00E3;o Carlos, S&#x00E3;o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087734734","display_name":"Denis V. Coury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6581-3470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092357","display_name":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00fy4at53","country_code":"MD","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112090838","https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}],"countries":["MD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis V. Coury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, S&#x00E3;o Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of S&#x00E3;o Paulo (USP), S&#x00E3;o Carlos, S&#x00E3;o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6581-3470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, S&#x00E3;o Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of S&#x00E3;o Paulo (USP), S&#x00E3;o Carlos, S&#x00E3;o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016919481","display_name":"Ricardo A. S. Fernandes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2361-6505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092357","display_name":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00fy4at53","country_code":"MD","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112090838","https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}],"countries":["MD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo A. S. Fernandes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, S&#x00E3;o Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of S&#x00E3;o Paulo (USP), S&#x00E3;o Carlos, S&#x00E3;o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2361-6505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, S&#x00E3;o Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of S&#x00E3;o Paulo (USP), S&#x00E3;o Carlos, S&#x00E3;o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092357"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092357"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01721814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"78110","last_page":"78121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.3391999900341034,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.3391999900341034,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12510","display_name":"Magneto-Optical Properties and Applications","score":0.12549999356269836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.08460000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5795999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5737000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.5235999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-grid","display_name":"Power grid","score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-systems","display_name":"Electronic systems","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4311000108718872}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5795999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5737000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.5235999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5151000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983266536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3509543","display_name":"Electronic systems","level":2,"score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3694865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.21310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.21310","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.21310","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8a7a6c4c870d4a668199452944bed1bb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8a7a6c4c870d4a668199452944bed1bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 78110-78121 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.21310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.21310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3694865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3694865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8151566337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"402334/2023-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"substations":[1],"have":[2],"significantly":[3],"enhanced":[4],"power":[5],"grid":[6],"protection":[7,153],"by":[8,70],"replacing":[9,71],"traditional":[10,72],"copper":[11],"wiring":[12],"with":[13,75,125],"fiber-optic":[14],"communication":[15],"and":[16,29,44,66,81,102],"integrating":[17],"IEC":[18],"61850-compliant":[19],"Intelligent":[20],"Electronic":[21],"Devices":[22],"(IEDs),":[23],"resulting":[24],"in":[25,95,130,170],"greater":[26],"efficiency,":[27],"reliability,":[28],"interoperability.":[30],"While":[31],"these":[32,50],"advancements":[33],"provide":[34],"improved":[35],"interoperability,":[36],"challenges":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39,58],"high":[40],"costs,":[41],"complex":[42],"networks,":[43],"limited":[45],"upgrade-ability":[46],"persist.":[47],"To":[48],"mitigate":[49],"issues,":[51],"the":[52,79,109,148,152,159],"virtualization":[53],"of":[54,83,111,151],"IEDs":[55,74,85],"has":[56],"emerged":[57],"a":[59,104,120],"cost-effective":[60],"solution,":[61],"offering":[62],"scalability,":[63],"simplified":[64],"maintenance,":[65],"reduced":[67],"hardware":[68],"costs":[69],"hardware-based":[73,113],"software-based":[76],"counterparts.":[77,114],"However,":[78],"performance":[80,110,140],"reliability":[82],"virtual":[84,123],"(vIED)":[86],"must":[87],"be":[88],"rigorously":[89],"evaluated":[90,142],"to":[91,107,134],"ensure":[92,135],"their":[93,166],"robustness":[94],"real-time":[96,144],"applications.":[97],"This":[98],"paper":[99],"develops,":[100],"implements,":[101],"evaluates":[103],"vIED":[105,116],"designed":[106],"match":[108],"its":[112,126],"The":[115,139,155],"was":[117,141],"deployed":[118],"on":[119,147],"server":[121],"using":[122,143],"machines,":[124],"core":[127],"logic":[128],"implemented":[129],"low-level":[131],"programming":[132],"languages":[133],"high-speed,":[136],"deterministic":[137],"behavior.":[138],"simulations,":[145],"focusing":[146],"response":[149,163],"times":[150],"functions.":[154],"results":[156],"demonstrated":[157],"that":[158],"vIEDs":[160],"achieved":[161],"acceptable":[162],"times,":[164],"validating":[165],"suitability":[167],"for":[168],"deployment":[169],"critical":[171],"time-sensitive":[172],"environments":[173],"within":[174],"digital":[175],"substations.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}
