{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118188930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650447","title":"WARD: Efficient Memory Protection for WebAssembly on Tiny Embedded Systems","display_name":"WARD: Efficient Memory Protection for WebAssembly on Tiny Embedded Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118188930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650447"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650447","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121933193","display_name":"Chaewon Shin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaewon Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5750-0393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121933209","display_name":"Gowon Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gowon Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042267103","display_name":"Suhyeon Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6220-0264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suhyeon Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6220-0264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079380164","display_name":"Jinsun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2296-819X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinsun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2296-819X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068130953","display_name":"Yoon-Ho Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3556-5082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoon-Ho Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3556-5082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068795865","display_name":"Donghyun Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7507-3111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghyun Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7507-3111","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Geumjeong-Gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0353738,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"5925","last_page":"5939"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.7599999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.7599999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.06840000301599503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.05979999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-protection","display_name":"Memory protection","score":0.6754000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.45190000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-safety","display_name":"Memory safety","score":0.4246000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-address","display_name":"Physical address","score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-address","display_name":"Memory address","score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleaved-memory","display_name":"Interleaved memory","score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flat-memory-model","display_name":"Flat memory model","score":0.36910000443458557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.819100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18131444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163585","display_name":"Memory protection","level":5,"score":0.6754000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.45190000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28180684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4080983","display_name":"Memory safety","level":3,"score":0.4246000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41036726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844824","display_name":"Physical address","level":3,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153247305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835713","display_name":"Memory address","level":3,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63511323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908936","display_name":"Interleaved memory","level":4,"score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57863822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905488","display_name":"Flat memory model","level":4,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87907426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815755","display_name":"Memory refresh","level":4,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82687282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66221","display_name":"Auxiliary memory","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q891131","display_name":"Read-write memory","level":3,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133875982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764810","display_name":"Shared memory","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778648169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967768","display_name":"Compatibility (geochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39528615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229610","display_name":"Distributed shared memory","level":5,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778565505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2207566","display_name":"Spec#","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51290061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936765","display_name":"Uniform memory access","level":4,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93446704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449328","display_name":"Registered memory","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91481028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054686","display_name":"Distributed memory","level":3,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171675096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143380","display_name":"Extended memory","level":4,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968923158","https://openalex.org/W2625141509","https://openalex.org/W3089947917","https://openalex.org/W3152950651","https://openalex.org/W3155555003","https://openalex.org/W3208781723","https://openalex.org/W4206578767","https://openalex.org/W4226053725","https://openalex.org/W4282962713","https://openalex.org/W4315631944","https://openalex.org/W4376606588","https://openalex.org/W4388856869","https://openalex.org/W4390188000","https://openalex.org/W4400680984","https://openalex.org/W4407863023","https://openalex.org/W4408749981","https://openalex.org/W4409156634","https://openalex.org/W4410088808"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"WebAssembly":[0],"(Wasm)":[1],"has":[2,48],"recently":[3],"gained":[4],"attention":[5],"in":[6,93],"embedded":[7,77,95,149],"systems":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,35,61],"its":[11,98],"lightweight":[12],"runtime":[13],"support":[14],"and":[15,21,139,144],"broad":[16],"compatibility":[17],"with":[18,132],"various":[19],"languages":[20],"platforms.":[22],"However,":[23],"Wasm\u2019s":[24],"linear":[25,56],"memory":[26,40,53,57,87,112,126,145],"model":[27],"lacks":[28],"internal":[29],"protection":[30,88],"mechanisms,":[31],"making":[32],"it":[33],"vulnerable":[34],"a":[36,85],"wide":[37],"range":[38],"of":[39,111,135],"safety":[41],"violations.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44,104],"this,":[45],"prior":[46,130],"work":[47],"proposed":[49],"techniques":[50],"for":[51,75,91,148],"protecting":[52],"within":[54],"the":[55],"space.":[58],"While":[59],"effective":[60,109],"some":[62],"extent,":[63],"these":[64],"approaches":[65],"either":[66],"suffer":[67],"from":[68],"limited":[69],"detection":[70,110,127],"coverage":[71,128],"or":[72],"are":[73],"unsuitable":[74],"resource-constrained":[76],"systems.":[78,96,150],"In":[79],"this":[80],"paper,":[81],"we":[82],"present":[83],"WARD,":[84],"redzone-based":[86],"technique":[89],"tailored":[90],"Wasm":[92],"tiny":[94],"At":[97],"core,":[99],"WARD":[100,123],"employs":[101],"arandomized":[102],"linear-to-physical":[103],"translation":[105],"mechanism,":[106],"which":[107],"enables":[108],"violations":[113],"without":[114],"requiring":[115],"specific":[116],"hardware":[117],"extensions.":[118],"Our":[119],"evaluation":[120],"shows":[121],"that":[122],"provides":[124],"improved":[125],"over":[129],"techniques,":[131],"reasonable":[133],"performance":[134],"24.2%":[136],"on":[137,141],"benchmark":[138],"13.03%":[140],"real-world":[142],"applications,":[143],"overhead":[146],"suitable":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-01-05T00:00:00"}
