{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408323871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550302","title":"Toward Secure and Transparent Global Authentication: A Blockchain-Based System Integrating Biometrics and Subscriber Identification Module","display_name":"Toward Secure and Transparent Global Authentication: A Blockchain-Based System Integrating Biometrics and Subscriber Identification Module","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408323871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550302"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550302","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055015849","display_name":"Navid Khalili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9693-231X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navid Khalili","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7244-2340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014940812","display_name":"Dimitrios Makrakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3258-2984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Makrakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053610574","display_name":"Yaser Baseri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5725-5184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaser Baseri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5725-5184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055329164","display_name":"Abdelhakim Hafid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8597-7344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8597-7344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.7073,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88615119,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"45936","last_page":"45950"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.923799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7056584358215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6984927654266357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.689123809337616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6444375514984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6308621168136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.40000319480895996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7056584358215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6984927654266357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.689123809337616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6444375514984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6308621168136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40000319480895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04e20e5364bc4192b136dd8f40c1a72c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04e20e5364bc4192b136dd8f40c1a72c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 45936-45950 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3550302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3550302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26659761","https://openalex.org/W2128089536","https://openalex.org/W2582223566","https://openalex.org/W2886834536","https://openalex.org/W2890967730","https://openalex.org/W2902638435","https://openalex.org/W2909387311","https://openalex.org/W2914735843","https://openalex.org/W2921199695","https://openalex.org/W2935013673","https://openalex.org/W2971527269","https://openalex.org/W2996634284","https://openalex.org/W3000018207","https://openalex.org/W3006149363","https://openalex.org/W3010001084","https://openalex.org/W3015644726","https://openalex.org/W3041813986","https://openalex.org/W3083894623","https://openalex.org/W3119336689","https://openalex.org/W3123390881","https://openalex.org/W3173038629","https://openalex.org/W3189266909","https://openalex.org/W3189440539","https://openalex.org/W4210425650","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4312810470","https://openalex.org/W4313201775","https://openalex.org/W4318038653","https://openalex.org/W4320489458","https://openalex.org/W4360620293","https://openalex.org/W4387582255","https://openalex.org/W4388562004","https://openalex.org/W4399515649","https://openalex.org/W6861592124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W2353749315","https://openalex.org/W3104966193","https://openalex.org/W3216707083","https://openalex.org/W2912135041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"reliance":[2,28],"on":[3,29,61,75,107],"e-government":[4,202],"services":[5,203],"necessitates":[6],"robust":[7,197],"and":[8,27,48,66,84,98,144,165,173,181,190,196],"secure":[9,73,187],"user":[10,25,59,82,159],"authentication.":[11],"Existing":[12],"solutions":[13],"often":[14,105],"suffer":[15],"from":[16],"limitations":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"lack":[20],"of":[21,24,38],"transparency,":[22],"compromise":[23],"privacy,":[26],"a":[30,35,45,72,76,125,142,145,194],"central":[31],"server,":[32],"thus":[33],"introducing":[34],"single":[36],"point":[37],"failure":[39],"(SPOF).":[40],"This":[41,79,122],"paper":[42],"proposes":[43],"B2-GAS,":[44],"novel":[46],"Biometric":[47],"Blockchain-based":[49],"Global":[50],"Authentication":[51],"System,":[52],"that":[53],"addresses":[54],"these":[55],"shortcomings.":[56],"B2-GAS":[57,91,110,134,177,192],"leverages":[58],"biometrics":[60],"smartphones":[62],"for":[63,124,200],"strong":[64],"identification":[65],"isolates":[67],"sensitive":[68],"cryptographic":[69],"operations":[70],"within":[71],"enclave":[74],"SIM":[77,188],"card.":[78],"approach":[80],"safeguards":[81],"privacy":[83],"data":[85],"security.":[86,151],"By":[87,184],"employing":[88],"blockchain":[89,174],"technology,":[90],"eliminates":[92],"SPOFs,":[93],"ensures":[94],"tamper-proof":[95],"transaction":[96],"storage,":[97],"guarantees":[99],"transparency.":[100],"Unlike":[101],"existing":[102],"protocols,":[103],"which":[104],"rely":[106],"theoretical":[108,132],"analysis,":[109],"utilizes":[111],"an":[112],"emulated":[113,171],"environment":[114,172],"to":[115,130,148,158],"assess":[116],"its":[117],"performance":[118],"under":[119],"realistic":[120],"conditions.":[121],"allows":[123],"more":[126],"practical":[127],"evaluation":[128],"compared":[129],"purely":[131],"approaches.":[133],"exerts":[135],"multiple":[136],"factors":[137],"during":[138],"authentication":[139,198],"including":[140],"biometrics,":[141,186],"password,":[143],"secret":[146],"parameter":[147],"further":[149],"enhance":[150],"Rigorous":[152],"security":[153,178],"proofs":[154],"demonstrate":[155],"B2-GAS\u2019s":[156],"resistance":[157],"impersonation,":[160],"offline":[161],"password-guessing,":[162],"replay":[163],"attacks,":[164],"brute-force":[166],"attempts.":[167],"Evaluation":[168],"using":[169],"the":[170],"simulations":[175],"demonstrates":[176],"parameters,":[179],"performance,":[180],"computational":[182],"overheads.":[183],"combining":[185],"enclaves,":[189],"blockchain,":[191],"offers":[193],"unique":[195],"solution":[199],"diverse":[201],"in":[204],"smart":[205],"cities.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-03-12T00:00:00"}
