{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382138861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289204","title":"Physical-Layer Security Improvement in MIMO OFDM Systems Using Multilevel Chaotic Encryption","display_name":"Physical-Layer Security Improvement in MIMO OFDM Systems Using Multilevel Chaotic Encryption","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382138861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289204"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3289204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289204","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10162186.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10162186.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088238914","display_name":"Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5651-5535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gj&#x00F8;vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5651-5535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gj&#x00F8;vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054515725","display_name":"Michael Cheffena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2086-8627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Cheffena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gj&#x00F8;vik, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2086-8627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gj&#x00F8;vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070972527","display_name":"Slobodan Petrovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4435-2716"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slobodan Petrovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Gj&#x00F8;vik, NTNU, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4435-2716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Gj&#x00F8;vik, NTNU, Norway","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.4726,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82009621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"64468","last_page":"64475"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.690271258354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.6409374475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5537822246551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-space","display_name":"Key space","score":0.5418411493301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5041817426681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.4916701912879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rayleigh-fading","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","score":0.47700026631355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4655989110469818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaotic","display_name":"Chaotic","score":0.4627276659011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo-ofdm","display_name":"MIMO-OFDM","score":0.4508691132068634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrambling","display_name":"Scrambling","score":0.44666653871536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4277176558971405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-transmission","display_name":"Secure transmission","score":0.41416144371032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.37524446845054626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3734856843948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.363006055355072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.32532232999801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.28235751390457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.196977436542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08755826950073242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.690271258354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.6409374475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5537822246551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105322999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1557574","display_name":"Key space","level":3,"score":0.5418411493301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5041817426681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.4916701912879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56985126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854039","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","level":4,"score":0.47700026631355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4655989110469818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072826","display_name":"Chaotic","level":2,"score":0.4627276659011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130946814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5988271","display_name":"MIMO-OFDM","level":4,"score":0.4508691132068634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182548165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261483","display_name":"Scrambling","level":2,"score":0.44666653871536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4277176558971405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444882","display_name":"Secure transmission","level":3,"score":0.41416144371032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.37524446845054626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3734856843948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.363006055355072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.32532232999801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.28235751390457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.196977436542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08755826950073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3289204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289204","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10162186.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:65c8fcf7c3a64906939345722592051b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/65c8fcf7c3a64906939345722592051b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 64468-64475 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/3084581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3084581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"64468-64475","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3289204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3289204","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10162186.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2923691290","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"324061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382138861.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382138861.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085025385","https://openalex.org/W2110411562","https://openalex.org/W2348469802","https://openalex.org/W2511830748","https://openalex.org/W2576286862","https://openalex.org/W2741592877","https://openalex.org/W2782182464","https://openalex.org/W2807287622","https://openalex.org/W2865078515","https://openalex.org/W2891580888","https://openalex.org/W2893840958","https://openalex.org/W2895482960","https://openalex.org/W2947816587","https://openalex.org/W2965311202","https://openalex.org/W2971701040","https://openalex.org/W3125097834","https://openalex.org/W3191214341","https://openalex.org/W3194305237","https://openalex.org/W3198461650","https://openalex.org/W4252021439","https://openalex.org/W4312430687"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103421876","https://openalex.org/W2740975029","https://openalex.org/W1613228441","https://openalex.org/W4390449953","https://openalex.org/W3036307543","https://openalex.org/W2797005565","https://openalex.org/W2290997318","https://openalex.org/W4256489728","https://openalex.org/W2012490925","https://openalex.org/W2065186159"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"physical-layer":[1],"security":[2,136,148,251],"(PLS)":[3],"in":[4,34,87,163,228,256],"wireless":[5,179],"communication":[6,161],"has":[7],"always":[8],"been":[9],"a":[10,23,94,99,124,185],"challenge":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,31,122],"the":[14,18,49,53,58,70,80,91,104,108,130,135,141,154,160,169,198,202,207,213,243,260,264],"broadcasting":[15],"nature":[16,200],"of":[17,69,73,127,140,156,165,168,189,201,212,230,263],"transmission.":[19,132],"In":[20,79,90,107],"this":[21],"work,":[22],"multilevel":[24,83,203],"chaotic":[25,101,117,204],"encryption":[26,84,128,224],"(MCE)":[27],"system":[28],"is":[29,64,85,113],"proposed":[30,50,81,142,182,217,244],"improve":[32],"PLS":[33],"Multiple-Input":[35],"Multiple-Output":[36],"(MIMO)":[37],"Orthogonal":[38],"Frequency":[39],"Division":[40],"Multiplexing":[41],"(OFDM)":[42],"systems":[43],"under":[44,150],"Rayleigh":[45,177],"fading":[46,178],"channel.":[47,180],"Additionally,":[48],"technique":[51],"improves":[52],"transmission":[54],"performance":[55],"by":[56,209],"reducing":[57,210],"high":[59],"Peak-to-Average-Power":[60],"Ratio":[61],"(PAPR)":[62],"which":[63,191],"also":[65],"considered":[66],"as":[67],"one":[68],"major":[71],"drawbacks":[72],"Multicarrier":[74],"Modulations":[75],"(MCM)":[76],"like":[77],"OFDM.":[78],"scheme,":[82],"achieved":[86],"two":[88],"steps.":[89],"first":[92],"step,":[93,110],"precoding":[95],"matrix":[96],"based":[97,115],"on":[98,116],"unique":[100],"sequence":[102,118],"scrambles":[103],"modulated":[105],"symbols.":[106],"second":[109,125],"phase":[111],"scrambling":[112,205],"used":[114],"for":[119,129],"selective":[120],"mapping":[121],"provide":[123],"level":[126],"entire":[131],"We":[133,158],"evaluated":[134],"performances":[137,162,174,262],"using":[138],"randomness":[139],"MCE,":[143],"achievable":[144],"key":[145,187],"space,":[146],"and":[147,172,234,238],"analysis":[149,237],"Cryptographic":[151],"attacks":[152],"from":[153],"perspective":[155],"Cryptanalysis.":[157],"verified":[159],"terms":[164,229],"computational":[166,232],"complexity":[167,219],"system,":[170],"PAPR,":[171],"error":[173,261],"considering":[175],"multipath":[176],"The":[181,216],"MCE":[183,220,245],"provides":[184],"huge":[186],"space":[188],"~10302":[190],"can":[192,247],"resist":[193],"any":[194],"cryptographic":[195],"attacks.":[196],"Also,":[197],"pseudo-random":[199],"reduces":[206],"PAPR":[208,257],"autocorrelation":[211],"OFDM":[214],"signal.":[215],"low":[218],"solution":[221],"outperforms":[222],"existing":[223],"schemes":[225],"when":[226],"compared":[227],"security,":[231],"complexity,":[233],"PAPR.":[235],"Mathematical":[236],"simulation":[239],"results":[240],"show":[241],"that":[242],"scheme":[246],"enhance":[248],"physical":[249],"layer":[250],"along":[252],"with":[253],"significant":[254],"reduction":[255],"without":[258],"compromising":[259],"system.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
