{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381833251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3277955","title":"Terahertz Women Reproductive Hormones Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Fiber With Behavior Prediction Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Terahertz Women Reproductive Hormones Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Fiber With Behavior Prediction Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381833251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3277955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3277955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3277955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3277955","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077602107","display_name":"A. Naesha Nithish","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Naesha Nithish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021197768","display_name":"Shobhit K. Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0117-2440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132999081","display_name":"Marwadi University","ror":"https://ror.org/030dn1812","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shobhit K. Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0117-2440","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022877453","display_name":"N. Ayyanar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Ayyanar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4452-5293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025451580","display_name":"Jaymit Surve","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4309-6121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132999081","display_name":"Marwadi University","ror":"https://ror.org/030dn1812","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaymit Surve","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4309-6121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033082045","display_name":"S. Rajaram","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Rajaram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038617538","display_name":"S. N. Deepa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2150-5051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57496824","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh","ror":"https://ror.org/020cr8c43","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57496824"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. N. Deepa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Jote, Arunachal Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2150-5051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Jote, Arunachal Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57496824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084344101","display_name":"Truong Khang Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-4392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141445968","display_name":"Ton Duc Thang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01drq0835","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141445968"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123993","display_name":"Van Lang University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ryrf141","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Truong Khang Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","Institute for Computational Science, Division of Computational Physics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-4392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123993"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computational Science, Division of Computational Physics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141445968"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101942828","display_name":"Fahad Ahmed Al-Zahrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1490-5460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahad Ahmed Al-Zahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1490-5460","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4543,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89396894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"75424","last_page":"75433"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10846","display_name":"Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10846","display_name":"Photonic Crystal and Fiber Optics","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.8570809364318848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.5453402996063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5067179799079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biosensor","display_name":"Biosensor","score":0.4829230010509491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.478874146938324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonic-crystal-fiber","display_name":"Photonic-crystal fiber","score":0.4730070233345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4197273850440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3598684072494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3520682156085968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber","display_name":"Fiber","score":0.30167096853256226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.27610039710998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.21914783120155334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.13421130180358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1286681890487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.10649263858795166}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.8570809364318848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.5453402996063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5067179799079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160756335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669391","display_name":"Biosensor","level":2,"score":0.4829230010509491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.478874146938324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107157254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1256244","display_name":"Photonic-crystal fiber","level":3,"score":0.4730070233345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4197273850440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3598684072494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3520682156085968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519885992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161","display_name":"Fiber","level":2,"score":0.30167096853256226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.27610039710998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.21914783120155334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.13421130180358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1286681890487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.10649263858795166}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3277955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3277955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0fbdacff18ef429fa181de0d72a3d117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0fbdacff18ef429fa181de0d72a3d117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 75424-75433 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3277955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3277955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26480304","https://openalex.org/W29671035","https://openalex.org/W1859724437","https://openalex.org/W1982459888","https://openalex.org/W1985208161","https://openalex.org/W1986686752","https://openalex.org/W2001594855","https://openalex.org/W2011590093","https://openalex.org/W2017977879","https://openalex.org/W2026048528","https://openalex.org/W2059187681","https://openalex.org/W2076064293","https://openalex.org/W2140849426","https://openalex.org/W2172205559","https://openalex.org/W2292440926","https://openalex.org/W2421540942","https://openalex.org/W2594432498","https://openalex.org/W2605644931","https://openalex.org/W2769539609","https://openalex.org/W2790959716","https://openalex.org/W2792316675","https://openalex.org/W2797134402","https://openalex.org/W2900530028","https://openalex.org/W2912352109","https://openalex.org/W2962660071","https://openalex.org/W2965663258","https://openalex.org/W2966785352","https://openalex.org/W2971939492","https://openalex.org/W2991358646","https://openalex.org/W3000220605","https://openalex.org/W3012903989","https://openalex.org/W3014559196","https://openalex.org/W3113288479","https://openalex.org/W3129772541","https://openalex.org/W3137103086","https://openalex.org/W3155863243","https://openalex.org/W3163598088","https://openalex.org/W4200537324","https://openalex.org/W4213434880","https://openalex.org/W4214843875","https://openalex.org/W4226140511","https://openalex.org/W4280508348","https://openalex.org/W4280545089","https://openalex.org/W4280639330","https://openalex.org/W4285793646","https://openalex.org/W4315433073","https://openalex.org/W6639012397","https://openalex.org/W6795817866"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W4297099663","https://openalex.org/W2355927362","https://openalex.org/W4318602246","https://openalex.org/W4366151853","https://openalex.org/W4386147827","https://openalex.org/W3010513706","https://openalex.org/W4312406122","https://openalex.org/W1970971277","https://openalex.org/W2904243548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,111,144,195],"article,":[2],"we":[3,93,169],"propose":[4],"a":[5,102,128,135],"rectangular":[6],"hollow":[7],"core":[8],"Photonic":[9],"Crystal":[10],"Fiber":[11],"(PCF)":[12],"sensor":[13],"for":[14,59,77,84,173,200,206],"high":[15],"detection":[16],"of":[17,161,177,203],"women\u2019s":[18],"reproductive":[19,130],"hormones":[20],"(progesterone":[21],"and":[22,63,82,101,120,138,166,194],"estradiol)":[23],"in":[24,123,134,139],"the":[25,43,154,159,182,187,201],"blood":[26],"sample":[27],"at":[28,89],"THz":[29,32],"regime":[30],"(0.8":[31],"to":[33,117,125],"1.7":[34],"THz).":[35],"The":[36,70,107],"numerical":[37],"sensing":[38,60],"performances":[39],"are":[40],"evaluated":[41],"by":[42,66,149],"full":[44],"vector":[45],"finite":[46],"element":[47],"method":[48],"(FVFEM).":[49],"We":[50,179],"have":[51,94,180],"achieved":[52,181],"improved":[53],"relative":[54,73,204],"sensitivity":[55,74,205],"with":[56,158,186],"minimal":[57],"loss":[58,99],"progesterone":[61,121],"concentrations":[62,65],"estradiol":[64,119],"optimizing":[67],"structural":[68],"parameters.":[69,208],"obtained":[71,95],"maximum":[72,183],"is":[75,113,132],"99.87%":[76],"10":[78],"n":[79,86],"mol/L":[80,87],"(progesterone)":[81],"99.88%":[83],"3":[85],"(Estradiol)":[88],"1.35":[90],"THz.":[91],"Further,":[92],"low":[96],"effective":[97,104],"material":[98],"(EML)":[100],"large":[103],"mode":[105],"area.":[106],"primary":[108],"takeaway":[109],"from":[110],"research":[112],"that":[114,127,172],"it\u2019s":[115],"critical":[116],"monitor":[118],"levels":[122],"order":[124],"ensure":[126],"woman\u2019s":[129],"system":[131],"functioning":[133],"balanced":[136],"manner":[137],"general":[140],"health":[141],"systems.":[142],"Also,":[143],"biosensor":[145],"can":[146,170,197],"be":[147,198],"fabricated":[148],"current":[150],"fabrication":[151],"technologies.":[152],"Moreover,":[153],"prediction":[155,184,202],"carried":[156],"out":[157],"help":[160],"Locally":[162],"Weighted":[163],"Linear":[164],"Regression,":[165],"hyperparameter":[167,175],"tuning,":[168],"conclude":[171],"weighting":[174],"value":[176],"0.02.":[178],"accuracy":[185],"unity":[188],"R":[189],"<sup":[190],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[191],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[192],"score":[193],"model":[196],"employed":[199],"various":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}