{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315630670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3235874","title":"Studying Direct Lightning Stroke Impact on Human Safety Near HVTL Towers Considering Two Layer Soils and Ionization Influence","display_name":"Studying Direct Lightning Stroke Impact on Human Safety Near HVTL Towers Considering Two Layer Soils and Ionization Influence","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315630670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3235874"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3235874","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3235874","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10013681.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10013681.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065866960","display_name":"Osama E. Gouda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-8387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osama E. Gouda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-8387","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034712444","display_name":"Adel Z. El Dein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9614-1753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160419504","display_name":"Higher Technological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/051q8jk17","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160419504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86310350","display_name":"Aswan University","ror":"https://ror.org/048qnr849","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86310350"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adel Z. El Dein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt","Faculty of Technological Industry and Energy, Thebes Technological University, Luxor, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9614-1753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86310350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technological Industry and Energy, Thebes Technological University, Luxor, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160419504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023653380","display_name":"Sara Yassin Omar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5722-8925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145487455","display_name":"Cairo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q21mh05","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Yassin Omar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","Upper Egypt Electricity Distribution Company, Qena, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5722-8925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145487455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Upper Egypt Electricity Distribution Company, Qena, Egypt","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057152540","display_name":"Matti Lehtonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9979-7333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Lehtonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9979-7333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065700634","display_name":"Mohamed M. F. Darwish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9782-8813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207547235","display_name":"Benha University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tn5ee41","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207547235"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["EG","FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed M. F. Darwish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9782-8813","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207547235"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3831,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7911636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"5019","last_page":"5030"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightning","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","score":0.8136347532272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground","display_name":"Ground","score":0.694597065448761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-transmission","display_name":"Electric power transmission","score":0.6072431206703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-resistivity","display_name":"Soil resistivity","score":0.5747087597846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5285355448722839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tower","display_name":"Tower","score":0.5144079327583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4514240622520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4438480734825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.42220890522003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionization","display_name":"Ionization","score":0.4160272181034088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightning-strike","display_name":"Lightning strike","score":0.4133966565132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3379858136177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33688604831695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24490493535995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2257234752178192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.17339876294136047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69398868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129052","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","level":3,"score":0.8136347532272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168993435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501125","display_name":"Ground","level":2,"score":0.694597065448761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140311924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928","display_name":"Electric power transmission","level":2,"score":0.6072431206703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205150262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554955","display_name":"Soil resistivity","level":3,"score":0.5747087597846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5285355448722839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777831296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12518","display_name":"Tower","level":2,"score":0.5144079327583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4514240622520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4438480734825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.42220890522003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198291218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190382","display_name":"Ionization","level":3,"score":0.4160272181034088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182236062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15120872","display_name":"Lightning strike","level":3,"score":0.4133966565132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3379858136177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33688604831695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24490493535995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2257234752178192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.17339876294136047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3235874","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3235874","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10013681.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/119805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/d1f8b3f1-0a10-4673-bc7f-661190377908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"A1 Alkuper\u00e4isartikkeli tieteellisess\u00e4 aikakauslehdess\u00e4"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e92620ffa131465eb8967ef6fd1acba0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e92620ffa131465eb8967ef6fd1acba0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 5019-5030 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2023.3235874","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3235874","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/10005208/10013681.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321394","display_name":"Aalto-Yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324187","display_name":"Insin\u00f6\u00f6ritieteiden Korkeakoulu, Aalto-yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315630670.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315630670.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504116647","https://openalex.org/W1971450602","https://openalex.org/W1973319943","https://openalex.org/W2020723699","https://openalex.org/W2023547450","https://openalex.org/W2036909526","https://openalex.org/W2047548129","https://openalex.org/W2048379030","https://openalex.org/W2080472103","https://openalex.org/W2094345607","https://openalex.org/W2096008193","https://openalex.org/W2098078526","https://openalex.org/W2104194302","https://openalex.org/W2107845406","https://openalex.org/W2113538176","https://openalex.org/W2131980382","https://openalex.org/W2156541997","https://openalex.org/W2484096010","https://openalex.org/W2518961192","https://openalex.org/W2587745705","https://openalex.org/W3215924756","https://openalex.org/W4232057605","https://openalex.org/W4235117909","https://openalex.org/W4240936203","https://openalex.org/W4242238994","https://openalex.org/W4243148771","https://openalex.org/W4249264949","https://openalex.org/W4286375832","https://openalex.org/W4292261572","https://openalex.org/W4297348470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017553045","https://openalex.org/W2365245902","https://openalex.org/W2063808674","https://openalex.org/W2101466366","https://openalex.org/W3134558187","https://openalex.org/W2378972823","https://openalex.org/W2556778302","https://openalex.org/W2382088343","https://openalex.org/W2024236014","https://openalex.org/W2774089428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"lightning":[1,34,60,115,140],"strike":[2],"is":[3,45,78,84,163],"considered":[4],"one":[5],"of":[6,32,38,51,53,65,74,134,139,150,168,189],"the":[7,19,30,49,63,66,75,80,89,93,97,120,132,145,148,160,166,169,175,187,190,195,200,207,214,221],"most":[8],"risky":[9],"natural":[10],"phenomena":[11],"that":[12,79,124,206],"can":[13],"lead":[14],"to":[15,185],"human":[16,39,57,98,155,176,196],"harmful":[17],"and":[18,102,119,137,216],"surrounding":[20],"soil":[21,81,208],"layers.":[22],"To":[23],"tackle":[24],"this":[25,27],"issue,":[26],"article":[28],"investigates":[29],"influence":[31],"direct":[33,114],"characteristics":[35,209],"in":[36,165,183],"terms":[37],"body":[40,177],"safety.":[41,156],"Specifically,":[42],"such":[43],"investigation":[44],"carried":[46],"out":[47],"on":[48,56,92,154,199,213],"effect":[50,149],"resistivities":[52],"two-layer":[54],"soils":[55],"safety":[58],"when":[59,100],"stroke":[61],"hits":[62],"towers":[64],"high":[67],"voltage":[68],"transmission":[69,117],"lines":[70],"(HVTLs).":[71],"The":[72],"merit":[73],"proposed":[76],"study":[77,90],"ionization":[82],"phenomenon":[83],"taken":[85],"into":[86],"consideration.":[87],"Further,":[88],"focuses":[91],"current":[94,136,191],"passing":[95,192],"through":[96,193],"heart,":[99],"step":[101,217],"touch":[103],"(contact)":[104],"voltages":[105],"are":[106,142],"generated":[107],"by":[108,113],"grounding":[109,170],"potential":[110,122],"rise,":[111],"caused":[112],"strikes":[116],"tower":[118],"produced":[121],"rise":[123],"a":[125],"person":[126],"could":[127],"be":[128],"exposed.":[129],"Also,":[130],"studying":[131],"effects":[133],"peak":[135],"time":[138],"strokes":[141],"investigated.":[143],"Additionally,":[144],"paper":[146],"presents":[147],"different":[151],"reflection":[152],"factors":[153],"For":[157],"validation":[158],"purposes,":[159],"ATP":[161],"program":[162],"used":[164],"simulation":[167,201],"system":[171],"as":[172,174],"well":[173],"model.":[178],"Numerous":[179],"simulations":[180],"were":[181],"accomplished":[182],"order":[184],"examine":[186],"behavior":[188],"with":[194],"heart.":[197],"Based":[198],"results,":[202],"it":[203],"was":[204],"concluded":[205],"have":[210],"superior":[211],"influences":[212],"contact":[215],"potentials":[218],"and,":[219],"accordingly,":[220],"survival":[222],"threshold.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}