{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312346680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3230588","title":"Novel Measurements and Features for the Characterization of Soil Surface Roughness","display_name":"Novel Measurements and Features for the Characterization of Soil Surface Roughness","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312346680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3230588"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3230588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3230588","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09991958.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09991958.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Antonio Leanza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6756-0980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68618741","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Bari","ror":"https://ror.org/03c44v465","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Leanza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanics, Mathematics, and Management, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6756-0980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanics, Mathematics, and Management, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Giovanni Matranga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4446-6190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Matranga","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), Torino, Italy","Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Strada delle Cacce, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4446-6190","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Strada delle Cacce, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075372326","display_name":"Marcella Biddoccu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6843-2016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcella Biddoccu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), Torino, Italy","Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Strada delle Cacce, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6843-2016","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Strada delle Cacce, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002683078","display_name":"Eugenio Cavallo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2759-9629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugenio Cavallo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), Torino, Italy","Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Strada delle Cacce, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2759-9629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Strada delle Cacce, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024558584","display_name":"Annalisa Milella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-7590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annalisa Milella","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), Bari, Italy","Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-7590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056616210","display_name":"Giulio Reina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1793-4419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68618741","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Bari","ror":"https://ror.org/03c44v465","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulio Reina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanics, Mathematics, and Management, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1793-4419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanics, Mathematics, and Management, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9239,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71881396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"131735","last_page":"131746"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11978","display_name":"Soil Mechanics and Vehicle Dynamics","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11978","display_name":"Soil Mechanics and Vehicle Dynamics","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"Surface roughness","score":0.63592129945755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.5618966817855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4961877465248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-finish","display_name":"Surface finish","score":0.4599536955356598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37935686111450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3530377745628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3469279706478119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.29626041650772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.12853547930717468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.11654525995254517}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.63592129945755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5618966817855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4961877465248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.4599536955356598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37935686111450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3530377745628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3469279706478119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29626041650772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.12853547930717468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.11654525995254517}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3230588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3230588","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09991958.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:111c3749fb4a46b5b5cb259836a969bc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/111c3749fb4a46b5b5cb259836a969bc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 10, Pp 131735-131746 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2022.3230588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3230588","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09991958.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2073909157","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41946","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5217877573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"857125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G647297877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"857125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312346680.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312346680.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506809288","https://openalex.org/W1596061762","https://openalex.org/W1605386578","https://openalex.org/W1675493267","https://openalex.org/W1972384010","https://openalex.org/W1974868116","https://openalex.org/W1983772367","https://openalex.org/W2028604722","https://openalex.org/W2038844035","https://openalex.org/W2062449850","https://openalex.org/W2065654403","https://openalex.org/W2073463412","https://openalex.org/W2076934007","https://openalex.org/W2079590547","https://openalex.org/W2089506298","https://openalex.org/W2104153798","https://openalex.org/W2113552998","https://openalex.org/W2126110991","https://openalex.org/W2154844948","https://openalex.org/W2163118481","https://openalex.org/W2169517707","https://openalex.org/W2259387331","https://openalex.org/W2274618575","https://openalex.org/W2314791489","https://openalex.org/W2568410305","https://openalex.org/W2753823977","https://openalex.org/W2785388092","https://openalex.org/W2885841616","https://openalex.org/W2890577930","https://openalex.org/W2974427594","https://openalex.org/W2979411681","https://openalex.org/W2993404190","https://openalex.org/W2999884964","https://openalex.org/W3004921674","https://openalex.org/W3034897584","https://openalex.org/W3042867048","https://openalex.org/W3130067305","https://openalex.org/W3142507861","https://openalex.org/W3167524316","https://openalex.org/W4205355303","https://openalex.org/W4206469724","https://openalex.org/W4210272789","https://openalex.org/W4225428106","https://openalex.org/W4247512596","https://openalex.org/W6635753199"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386922414","https://openalex.org/W4313638943","https://openalex.org/W1966522691","https://openalex.org/W4304014137","https://openalex.org/W3034740403","https://openalex.org/W2032025132","https://openalex.org/W4297916609","https://openalex.org/W2349732462","https://openalex.org/W2106541163","https://openalex.org/W1988381798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agricultural":[0],"soils":[1],"provide":[2],"a":[3,25,79,103,127],"variety":[4],"of":[5,58,67,107,114],"ecological":[6],"services,":[7],"including":[8,138],"nutrient":[9],"cycling,":[10],"water":[11],"purification":[12],"and":[13,17,44,60,92,148,151],"storage,":[14],"carbon":[15],"sequestration,":[16],"flood":[18],"protection.":[19],"Soil":[20],"Surface":[21],"Roughness":[22],"(SSR)":[23],"represents":[24],"key":[26],"parameter":[27],"for":[28,135],"evaluating":[29],"the":[30,36,39,53,65,108,111],"terrain":[31],"quality":[32],"structure,":[33],"especially":[34],"in":[35,55,82,121,146],"layers":[37],"beneath":[38],"usual":[40],"primary":[41],"tillage":[42],"depth,":[43],"therefore":[45],"its":[46],"estimation":[47],"has":[48],"been":[49],"widely":[50],"investigated":[51,100],"over":[52],"years":[54],"many":[56,136],"fields":[57],"science":[59],"engineering.":[61],"This":[62,130],"paper":[63],"proposes":[64],"adoption":[66],"an":[68,122],"innovative":[69],"sensing":[70],"approach":[71],"that":[72],"relies":[73],"on":[74,126],"contactless":[75],"measurements":[76,87],"provided":[77],"by":[78],"depth":[80],"camera":[81],"contrast":[83],"to":[84,101],"traditional":[85],"contact":[86],"such":[88],"as":[89],"pin":[90],"meter":[91],"roller":[93],"chain.":[94],"In":[95],"addition,":[96],"novel":[97],"features":[98],"are":[99,119],"achieve":[102],"complete":[104],"statistical":[105],"description":[106],"SSR":[109],"with":[110],"least":[112],"number":[113],"parameters.":[115],"The":[116],"proposed":[117],"methods":[118],"validated":[120],"experimental":[123],"campaign":[124],"performed":[125],"vineyard":[128],"plot.":[129],"research":[131],"could":[132],"be":[133],"useful":[134],"applications,":[137],"soil":[139],"erosion":[140],"prediction":[141],"models,":[142],"autonomous":[143],"vehicle":[144],"navigation":[145],"rural":[147],"agricultural":[149],"settings,":[150],"controlled":[152],"traffic":[153],"farming.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}