{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193303850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3105000","title":"DarkDetect: Darknet Traffic Detection and Categorization Using Modified Convolution-Long Short-Term Memory","display_name":"DarkDetect: Darknet Traffic Detection and Categorization Using Modified Convolution-Long Short-Term Memory","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193303850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3105000","mag":"3193303850"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3105000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3105000","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09514531.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09514531.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103002910","display_name":"Muhammad Bilal Sarwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8671-6525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194348271","display_name":"Government College University, Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/051zgra59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Bilal Sarwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8671-6525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082204963","display_name":"Muhammad Kashif Hanif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5150-2228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194348271","display_name":"Government College University, Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/051zgra59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Kashif Hanif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5150-2228","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054950321","display_name":"Ramzan Talib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-5916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194348271","display_name":"Government College University, Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/051zgra59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramzan Talib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-5916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101605509","display_name":"Muhammad Younas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4161-7843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194348271","display_name":"Government College University, Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/051zgra59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Younas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4161-7843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047173698","display_name":"Muhammad Umer Sarwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6790-1979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194348271","display_name":"Government College University, Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/051zgra59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Umer Sarwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6790-1979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103002910"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.1768,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9618327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"113705","last_page":"113713"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8747214674949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.6727941632270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5856953263282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5715356469154358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5600658655166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5229021906852722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.5033568739891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-traffic","display_name":"Internet traffic","score":0.4927561581134796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.42667198181152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3362148404121399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8747214674949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6727941632270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5856953263282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5715356469154358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5600658655166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5229021906852722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.5033568739891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63969886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536440","display_name":"Internet traffic","level":3,"score":0.4927561581134796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.42667198181152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3362148404121399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3105000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3105000","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09514531.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8f28e1397cc641fa871fbbf748a61be3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8f28e1397cc641fa871fbbf748a61be3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 113705-113713 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3105000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3105000","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09514531.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193303850.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193303850.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011237128","https://openalex.org/W2084327706","https://openalex.org/W2109826612","https://openalex.org/W2218353043","https://openalex.org/W2295886820","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2414703413","https://openalex.org/W2591712613","https://openalex.org/W2790832484","https://openalex.org/W2855300205","https://openalex.org/W2909195503","https://openalex.org/W2916154162","https://openalex.org/W2922103104","https://openalex.org/W2946280813","https://openalex.org/W2949986572","https://openalex.org/W2951159178","https://openalex.org/W2954996676","https://openalex.org/W2955596145","https://openalex.org/W2961038255","https://openalex.org/W2993640112","https://openalex.org/W3005923092","https://openalex.org/W3008451098","https://openalex.org/W3011602123","https://openalex.org/W3016481661","https://openalex.org/W3018055328","https://openalex.org/W3018899851","https://openalex.org/W3020986568","https://openalex.org/W3022714259","https://openalex.org/W3028419930","https://openalex.org/W3033079786","https://openalex.org/W3035604903","https://openalex.org/W3040512604","https://openalex.org/W3040566484","https://openalex.org/W3047930083","https://openalex.org/W3049501660","https://openalex.org/W3086497842","https://openalex.org/W3094117827","https://openalex.org/W3094190102","https://openalex.org/W3121960994","https://openalex.org/W3124340574","https://openalex.org/W3136205675","https://openalex.org/W3158109590","https://openalex.org/W3162398026","https://openalex.org/W3169324926","https://openalex.org/W3173922570","https://openalex.org/W4287776802","https://openalex.org/W6697398640","https://openalex.org/W6777940468","https://openalex.org/W6781929781","https://openalex.org/W6784429829","https://openalex.org/W6788509728","https://openalex.org/W6791752921","https://openalex.org/W6794867381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W2547456248","https://openalex.org/W4312241727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Darknet":[0],"is":[1,16],"commonly":[2],"known":[3],"as":[4,237],"the":[5,26,47,68,85,120,129,182,202,211,215,220],"epicenter":[6],"of":[7,13,70,223,225,231],"illegal":[8],"online":[9],"activities.":[10],"An":[11],"analysis":[12],"darknet":[14,98,110,130,148,226,232],"traffic":[15,30,65,99,111,131,149,204,227,233],"essential":[17],"to":[18,32,94,143,200],"monitor":[19,80],"real-time":[20],"applications":[21],"and":[22,42,76,96,113,132,151,172,180,192,229,242],"activities":[23,45],"running":[24],"over":[25],"Darknet.":[27],"Recognizing":[28],"network":[29,64,203],"bound":[31],"unused":[33,59,81],"Internet":[34],"addresses":[35],"has":[36],"become":[37],"undeniably":[38],"significant":[39],"for":[40,109,147],"identifying":[41],"examining":[43],"malicious":[44],"on":[46,177],"internet.":[48],"Since":[49],"there":[50],"are":[51],"no":[52],"authentic":[53],"hosts":[54],"or":[55],"devices":[56],"in":[57,88],"an":[58],"address":[60,82],"block,":[61],"any":[62],"observed":[63],"must":[66],"be":[67],"aftereffect":[69],"misconfiguration":[71],"from":[72],"spoofed":[73],"source":[74],"addressed":[75],"other":[77],"frameworks":[78],"that":[79,210],"space.":[83],"However,":[84],"recent":[86],"advancements":[87],"artificial":[89],"intelligence":[90],"allow":[91],"digital":[92],"systems":[93],"detect":[95],"identify":[97],"autonomously.":[100],"In":[101],"this":[102],"paper,":[103],"we":[104,137,185],"propose":[105],"a":[106,238,244],"generalized":[107],"approach":[108,213,241],"detection":[112,150,228],"categorization":[114,234],"using":[115],"Deep":[116],"Learning.":[117],"We":[118,153],"examine":[119],"state-of-the-art":[121],"complex":[122],"dataset,":[123],"which":[124,160],"provides":[125],"excessive":[126],"information":[127],"about":[128],"perform":[133],"data":[134],"preprocessing.":[135],"Next,":[136,184],"analyze":[138],"diverse":[139],"feature":[140,239],"selection":[141,240],"techniques":[142,199],"select":[144],"optimal":[145],"features":[146,179],"categorization.":[152],"apply":[154,186],"fine-tuned":[155],"machine":[156],"learning":[157,198],"(ML)":[158],"algorithms":[159],"include":[161],"Decision":[162],"Tree":[163],"(DT),":[164],"Gradient":[165,174],"Boosting":[166,175],"(GB),":[167],"Random":[168],"Forest":[169],"Regressor":[170],"(RFR),":[171],"Extreme":[173],"(XGB)":[176],"selected":[178],"compare":[181],"performance.":[183],"modified":[187],"Convolution-Long":[188],"Short-Term":[189],"Memory":[190],"(CNN-LSTM)":[191],"Convolution-Gradient":[193],"Recurrent":[194],"Unit":[195],"(CNN-GRU)":[196],"deep":[197],"recognize":[201],"more":[205],"accurately.":[206],"The":[207],"results":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"proposed":[212],"outperforms":[214],"existing":[216],"approaches":[217],"by":[218],"yielding":[219],"maximum":[221],"accuracy":[222],"96%":[224],"89%":[230],"through":[235],"XGB":[236],"CNN-LSTM":[243],"recognition":[245],"model.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-08T08:47:23.578185","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
