{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164099559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3082424","title":"Know You Neighbor: Fast Static Prediction of Test Flakiness","display_name":"Know You Neighbor: Fast Static Prediction of Test Flakiness","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164099559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3082424","mag":"3164099559"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3082424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3082424","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09437181.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09437181.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041332104","display_name":"Roberto Verdecchia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9206-6637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Verdecchia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, HV, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9206-6637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, HV, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041514469","display_name":"Emilio Cruciani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4744-5635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilio Cruciani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computerwissenschaften, Universit\u00e4t Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4744-5635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computerwissenschaften, Universit\u00e4t Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064360478","display_name":"Breno Miranda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9608-9393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25112270","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/047908t24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Breno Miranda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Informatics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9608-9393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Informatics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061991704","display_name":"Antonia Bertolino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8749-1356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonia Bertolino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell\u2019Informazione \u201cA. Faedo\u201d, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy","Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"A. Faedo\", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8749-1356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell\u2019Informazione \u201cA. Faedo\u201d, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"A. Faedo\", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1548,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1669},"fwci":13.5184,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99213974,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"76119","last_page":"76134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6569559574127197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5594877004623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.5187549591064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44022318720817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.4383237957954407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36501359939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32259225845336914}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6569559574127197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5594877004623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.5187549591064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44022318720817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.4383237957954407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36501359939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32259225845336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3082424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3082424","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09437181.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire/42b7bc6d-6307-469d-acce-78a15a8241e4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/42b7bc6d-6307-469d-acce-78a15a8241e4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Verdecchia, R, Cruciani, E, Miranda, B & Bertolino, A 2021, 'Know You Neighbor: Fast Static Prediction of Test Flakiness', IEEE Access, vol. 9, 9437181, pp. 76119-76134. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3082424","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5d13dbc34c0a4727a5a861a4bf2d52ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5d13dbc34c0a4727a5a861a4bf2d52ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 76119-76134 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1346425","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1346425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/42b7bc6d-6307-469d-acce-78a15a8241e4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/42b7bc6d-6307-469d-acce-78a15a8241e4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Verdecchia, R, Cruciani, E, Miranda, B & Bertolino, A 2021, 'Know You Neighbor: Fast Static Prediction of Test Flakiness', IEEE Access, vol. 9, 9437181, pp. 76119-76134. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3082424","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:135767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/135767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402478","display_name":"INFM-OAR (INFN Catania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","host_organization_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3082424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3082424","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09437181.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308737","display_name":"Facebook","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164099559.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164099559.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496508106","https://openalex.org/W1672197616","https://openalex.org/W1680392829","https://openalex.org/W1976954202","https://openalex.org/W1985258161","https://openalex.org/W1991292921","https://openalex.org/W2009389031","https://openalex.org/W2026926213","https://openalex.org/W2037757210","https://openalex.org/W2041836310","https://openalex.org/W2061769667","https://openalex.org/W2129377409","https://openalex.org/W2165558283","https://openalex.org/W2248406975","https://openalex.org/W2477215876","https://openalex.org/W2741220297","https://openalex.org/W2770290320","https://openalex.org/W2786619380","https://openalex.org/W2794756405","https://openalex.org/W2795003837","https://openalex.org/W2809559400","https://openalex.org/W2885226523","https://openalex.org/W2898805736","https://openalex.org/W2901387825","https://openalex.org/W2901458396","https://openalex.org/W2939724256","https://openalex.org/W2951170114","https://openalex.org/W2954297335","https://openalex.org/W2954748473","https://openalex.org/W2955940099","https://openalex.org/W2957454295","https://openalex.org/W2968086426","https://openalex.org/W2979473749","https://openalex.org/W3040168066","https://openalex.org/W3043238989","https://openalex.org/W3085831668","https://openalex.org/W3087892092","https://openalex.org/W3090144865","https://openalex.org/W3091127659","https://openalex.org/W3091299963","https://openalex.org/W3095312267","https://openalex.org/W3097014822","https://openalex.org/W3097609957","https://openalex.org/W3102799430","https://openalex.org/W3104181340","https://openalex.org/W3106532184","https://openalex.org/W3110368543","https://openalex.org/W4233654496","https://openalex.org/W4291213652","https://openalex.org/W4300601563","https://openalex.org/W6637386731"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557094818","https://openalex.org/W4296209631","https://openalex.org/W2183246718","https://openalex.org/W2099261052","https://openalex.org/W3209204065","https://openalex.org/W2561617217","https://openalex.org/W2025378473","https://openalex.org/W1755711892","https://openalex.org/W2160907113","https://openalex.org/W2070813941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Context:":[0],"Flaky":[1],"tests":[2,39],"plague":[3],"regression":[4],"testing":[5,17],"in":[6,25,74,169],"Continuous":[7],"Integration":[8],"environments":[9],"by":[10,104,135,179],"slowing":[11],"down":[12],"change":[13],"releases":[14],"and":[15,19,35,51,70,78,92,115,144,217],"wasting":[16],"time":[18],"effort.":[20],"Despite":[21],"the":[22,27,90,102,128,151,156,163,175,181,184,198,231],"growing":[23],"interest":[24],"mitigating":[26],"burden":[28],"of":[29,94,101,112,125,158,171,183,200,233],"test":[30,60,81,133,226],"flakiness,":[31,134],"how":[32,178],"to":[33,57,76,86,131,193,224,229],"efficiently":[34,79],"effectively":[36],"detect":[37,80,132],"flaky":[38,114,143,204,236],"is":[40,160],"still":[41],"an":[42,54,98],"open":[43],"problem.":[44],"Objective:":[45],"In":[46,84,173],"this":[47],"study,":[48],"we":[49,96,153],"present":[50],"evaluate":[52],"FLAST,":[53,95],"approach":[55,103,185,219],"designed":[56],"statically":[58],"predict":[59],"flakiness.":[61,82],"FLAST":[62,126,159,186,212],"leverages":[63],"vector-space":[64],"modeling,":[65],"similarity":[66],"search,":[67],"dimensionality":[68],"reduction,":[69],"k-Nearest":[71],"Neighbor":[72],"classification":[73],"order":[75,85],"timely":[77],"Method:":[83],"gain":[87],"insights":[88],"into":[89],"efficiency":[91],"effectiveness":[93,157],"conduct":[97],"empirical":[99],"evaluation":[100],"considering":[105,136],"13":[106],"real-world":[107,142],"projects,":[108],"for":[109],"a":[110,122,137,214],"total":[111],"1,383":[113],"26,702":[116],"non-flaky":[117,147],"tests.":[118,148,205,237],"We":[119],"carry":[120],"out":[121],"quantitative":[123],"comparison":[124],"with":[127,162],"state-of-the-art":[129],"methods":[130],"balanced":[138],"dataset":[139],"comprising":[140],"1,402":[141],"as":[145],"many":[146],"Results:":[149],"From":[150],"results":[152,176,209],"observe":[154],"that":[155,211,220],"comparable":[161],"state-of-the-art,":[164],"while":[165],"providing":[166],"considerable":[167],"gains":[168],"terms":[170],"efficiency.":[172],"addition,":[174],"demonstrate":[177,210],"tuning":[180],"threshold":[182],"can":[187,221],"be":[188,222],"made":[189],"more":[190,202],"conservative,":[191],"so":[192],"reduce":[194],"false":[195],"positives,":[196],"at":[197],"cost":[199],"missing":[201],"potentially":[203,235],"Conclusion:":[206],"The":[207],"collected":[208],"provides":[213],"fast,":[215],"low-cost":[216],"reliable":[218],"used":[223],"guide":[225],"rerunning,":[227],"or":[228],"gate":[230],"inclusion":[232],"new":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2021-06-07T00:00:00"}
