{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158952886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074913","title":"Modeling Reading Behaviors: An Automatic Approach to Eye Movement Analytics","display_name":"Modeling Reading Behaviors: An Automatic Approach to Eye Movement Analytics","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158952886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074913","mag":"3158952886"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074913","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410616.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410616.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077075140","display_name":"Weijane Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-824X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijane Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-824X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082272535","display_name":"Yuki Kotakehara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206011266","display_name":"Kwansei Gakuin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qf2tx24","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206011266"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuki Kotakehara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206011266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005799546","display_name":"Yuji Hirota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4942-3843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206011266","display_name":"Kwansei Gakuin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qf2tx24","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206011266"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuji Hirota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206011266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058869794","display_name":"Masayuki Murakami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1649-196X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masayuki Murakami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1649-196X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka University, Osaka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028631197","display_name":"Koh Kakusho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206011266","display_name":"Kwansei Gakuin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qf2tx24","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206011266"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koh Kakusho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8945-5882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206011266"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054993345","display_name":"Hsiu\u2010Ping Yueh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-3836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsiu-Ping Yueh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-3836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3993,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84707592,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"63580","last_page":"63590"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.968999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8018572330474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.7085565328598022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"Reading comprehension","score":0.5989943146705627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.581014096736908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.5805694460868835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-analytics","display_name":"Learning analytics","score":0.5582298636436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.5576298236846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5525974631309509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5461559891700745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.45883458852767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.45555055141448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3921906650066376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3901667594909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.324454665184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.179942786693573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8018572330474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.7085565328598022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.5989943146705627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.581014096736908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.5805694460868835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845208","display_name":"Learning analytics","level":2,"score":0.5582298636436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.5576298236846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5525974631309509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5461559891700745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45883458852767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.45555055141448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3921906650066376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3901667594909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.324454665184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.179942786693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074913","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410616.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4d05ef34b11d4ab7884e897fe49e73c7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4d05ef34b11d4ab7884e897fe49e73c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 63580-63590 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074913","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410616.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2834465931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP18H01063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6194678207","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST104-2515-S-002-005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7850170746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST105-2515-S-002-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158952886.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158952886.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W180766548","https://openalex.org/W643967429","https://openalex.org/W1513900689","https://openalex.org/W1551683416","https://openalex.org/W1567651514","https://openalex.org/W1760021039","https://openalex.org/W1800991330","https://openalex.org/W1898103075","https://openalex.org/W1965769381","https://openalex.org/W2001371259","https://openalex.org/W2007094637","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2024456099","https://openalex.org/W2042289101","https://openalex.org/W2053468515","https://openalex.org/W2066565367","https://openalex.org/W2073459066","https://openalex.org/W2074049680","https://openalex.org/W2080364632","https://openalex.org/W2103857331","https://openalex.org/W2106737500","https://openalex.org/W2111785930","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2130005184","https://openalex.org/W2133408975","https://openalex.org/W2135032760","https://openalex.org/W2135960012","https://openalex.org/W2189625117","https://openalex.org/W2242376933","https://openalex.org/W2251324750","https://openalex.org/W2414670006","https://openalex.org/W2471114721","https://openalex.org/W2556396084","https://openalex.org/W2592371244","https://openalex.org/W2792406544","https://openalex.org/W2798534264","https://openalex.org/W2956873629","https://openalex.org/W2971909629","https://openalex.org/W3010409677","https://openalex.org/W3021455495","https://openalex.org/W3027342555","https://openalex.org/W3044476479","https://openalex.org/W3046473422","https://openalex.org/W4210973361","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6668990524","https://openalex.org/W6678914141","https://openalex.org/W6686980507","https://openalex.org/W6690733144"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987827786","https://openalex.org/W2799586942","https://openalex.org/W2504091800","https://openalex.org/W2331775400","https://openalex.org/W2816728186","https://openalex.org/W2082296339","https://openalex.org/W2768832457","https://openalex.org/W2161828220","https://openalex.org/W1972348076","https://openalex.org/W2804624249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Critical":[0],"reading":[1,23,125,163],"plays":[2],"an":[3,83],"important":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,22],"science":[7,107],"learning,":[8],"and":[9,16,32,81,100,130,140,150,161,167,175],"previous":[10,135],"studies":[11,136],"have":[12],"endeavored":[13],"to":[14,132,173],"objectively":[15],"precisely":[17],"capture":[18],"readers\u2019":[19,30],"cognitive":[20],"processing":[21],"scientific":[24,35],"texts.":[25],"Since":[26],"many":[27],"factors":[28,42],"affect":[29],"initiation":[31],"comprehension":[33],"of":[34,40,52,67,117,124,134,144,152,170],"texts,":[36],"studying":[37],"the":[38,50,68,87,118,145,148,168,171],"interactions":[39],"these":[41],"was":[43],"technically":[44],"challenging":[45],"for":[46,56,71,91],"earlier":[47],"studies.":[48],"Recently,":[49],"use":[51,74],"artificial":[53],"intelligent":[54],"techniques":[55],"analyzing":[57],"physiological":[58],"signals":[59],"has":[60],"gained":[61],"significant":[62],"research":[63,174],"attention,":[64],"but":[65],"exploitation":[66],"educational":[69],"data":[70],"proactive":[72],"instructional":[73],"is":[75,177],"still":[76],"limited.":[77],"This":[78],"study":[79,146,172],"proposed":[80],"evaluated":[82],"automatic":[84],"approach":[85,156],"incorporating":[86],"K-means++":[88],"clustering":[89],"method":[90],"eye":[92,111],"movement":[93],"analytics.":[94,142],"In":[95],"this":[96],"study,":[97],"64":[98],"undergraduate":[99],"graduate":[101],"students":[102],"read":[103],"a":[104,153],"multi-page":[105],"popular":[106],"text":[108],"while":[109],"their":[110],"movements":[112],"were":[113,128],"recorded.":[114],"The":[115],"results":[116],"cluster":[119],"analysis":[120],"identified":[121],"three":[122],"patterns":[123],"behavior":[126],"that":[127,157],"consistent":[129],"comparable":[131],"those":[133],"using":[137],"self-reported":[138],"measures":[139],"post-analysis":[141],"Findings":[143],"support":[147],"potential":[149],"validity":[151],"bottom-up,":[154],"data-driven":[155],"can":[158],"directly":[159],"examine":[160],"analyze":[162],"behaviors":[164],"without":[165],"interruption,":[166],"contribution":[169],"practice":[176],"outlined.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
