{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3023263826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992771","title":"Extending Randles\u2019s Battery Model to Predict Impedance, Charge\u2013Voltage, and Runtime Characteristics","display_name":"Extending Randles\u2019s Battery Model to Predict Impedance, Charge\u2013Voltage, and Runtime Characteristics","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3023263826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992771","mag":"3023263826"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2992771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992771","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09088117.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09088117.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112464737","display_name":"Rahat Hasan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahat Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055888119","display_name":"Jonathan Scott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8408-5176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5943,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68450511,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"85321","last_page":"85328"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12899","display_name":"Engineering and Technology Innovations","score":0.9679999947547913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.7094677090644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.6588960886001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.6551569700241089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.6538788080215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistor","display_name":"Resistor","score":0.5523208975791931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalent-circuit","display_name":"Equivalent circuit","score":0.5522942543029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-phase-element","display_name":"Constant phase element","score":0.46349358558654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rc-circuit","display_name":"RC circuit","score":0.4592447578907013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge","display_name":"Charge (physics)","score":0.4574858248233795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-source","display_name":"Voltage source","score":0.437336266040802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.40505892038345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4014556407928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39602893590927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.39380204677581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.33038386702537537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1915130615234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.1242864727973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.089806467294693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.08953317999839783}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.7094677090644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.6588960886001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.6551569700241089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.6538788080215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137488568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5321","display_name":"Resistor","level":3,"score":0.5523208975791931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23572009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964981","display_name":"Equivalent circuit","level":3,"score":0.5522942543029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124579511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163661","display_name":"Constant phase element","level":5,"score":0.46349358558654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39394816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939318","display_name":"RC circuit","level":4,"score":0.4592447578907013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73792","display_name":"Charge (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4574858248233795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144655898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161128","display_name":"Voltage source","level":3,"score":0.437336266040802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.40505892038345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4014556407928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39602893590927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39380204677581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.33038386702537537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1915130615234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.1242864727973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.089806467294693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.08953317999839783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7040849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899580","display_name":"Dielectric spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2992771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992771","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09088117.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7283e385348a4dc9a241d2356bd00171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7283e385348a4dc9a241d2356bd00171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 85321-85328 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz:10289/13567","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10289/13567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400944","display_name":"Research Commons (University of Waikato)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","host_organization_name":"University of Waikato","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.2992771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2992771","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09088117.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023263826.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023263826.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1693489271","https://openalex.org/W1999648609","https://openalex.org/W2014070687","https://openalex.org/W2016771895","https://openalex.org/W2043685337","https://openalex.org/W2063133641","https://openalex.org/W2065187211","https://openalex.org/W2087336123","https://openalex.org/W2095536520","https://openalex.org/W2095835509","https://openalex.org/W2122266953","https://openalex.org/W2153787766","https://openalex.org/W2171077359","https://openalex.org/W2219864042","https://openalex.org/W2476272819","https://openalex.org/W2737163262","https://openalex.org/W2741674427","https://openalex.org/W2773764232","https://openalex.org/W2775059756","https://openalex.org/W2787959293","https://openalex.org/W2788302714","https://openalex.org/W2789625876","https://openalex.org/W2887124339","https://openalex.org/W2893713017","https://openalex.org/W2904850496","https://openalex.org/W2944053197","https://openalex.org/W2946611846","https://openalex.org/W2964824262","https://openalex.org/W2970828316","https://openalex.org/W4299389866","https://openalex.org/W4301223505","https://openalex.org/W6674273903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4296684765","https://openalex.org/W2058551485","https://openalex.org/W2508914177","https://openalex.org/W3033705993","https://openalex.org/W2547691825","https://openalex.org/W2233688317","https://openalex.org/W2080917419","https://openalex.org/W2052139912","https://openalex.org/W2769987481","https://openalex.org/W2037062060"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,91],"impedance":[1,43],"of":[2,41,59,64,118],"a":[3,20,33,62,67,85,102,119],"battery":[4,68,121],"can":[5],"be":[6],"modelled":[7],"with":[8],"an":[9],"elegant":[10],"fractional-capacitor":[11],"or":[12,79,106],"\u201cconstant":[13],"phase":[14],"element\u201d":[15],"(CPE)":[16],"equivalent":[17],"circuit":[18],"and":[19,70,76],"series":[21],"resistor.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24,42],"manuscript,":[25],"we":[26],"present":[27],"new":[28],"evidence":[29],"that":[30,32,82,97],"suggests":[31],"linear":[34,74],"model":[35,93],"similar":[36],"to":[37,47],"Randles'":[38],"comprised":[39],"solely":[40],"network":[44],"is":[45,94],"able":[46],"predict":[48],"both":[49],"the":[50,55,77],"charge-voltage":[51],"relationship":[52],"epitomised":[53],"by":[54],"familiar":[56],"hysteresis":[57],"curve":[58],"voltage":[60,105],"as":[61,66],"function":[63],"charge":[65],"charges":[69],"discharges":[71],"through":[72],"its":[73],"region,":[75],"recovery":[78],"\u201cequilibration\u201d":[80],"transient":[81],"results":[83],"from":[84],"step":[86],"change":[87],"in":[88,96],"load":[89],"current.":[90],"proposed":[92],"unique":[95],"it":[98],"does":[99],"not":[100],"contain":[101],"source,":[103],"either":[104],"current,":[107],"nor":[108],"any":[109],"purely":[110],"reactive":[111],"elements.":[112],"There":[113],"are":[114],"important":[115],"potential":[116],"advantages":[117],"passive":[120],"model.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}