{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2931462468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2907198","title":"Predictive Soil Pollution Mapping: A Hybrid Approach for a Dataset With Outliers","display_name":"Predictive Soil Pollution Mapping: A Hybrid Approach for a Dataset With Outliers","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2931462468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2907198","mag":"2931462468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2907198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2907198","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08673734.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08673734.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101738454","display_name":"Wentao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3035-9116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121296143","display_name":"Hunan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02m9vrb24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wentao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Min Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3035-9116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3035-9116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027239954","display_name":"Xuexi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5531-5841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuexi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089199943","display_name":"Dongsheng Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9499-5488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119273862","display_name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czw2k81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119273862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongsheng Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101738454"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6865,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67294729,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"46668","last_page":"46676"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11871","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.8689084053039551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.6144362688064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5502955913543701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5283862948417664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4997415542602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4859393835067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-interpolation","display_name":"Multivariate interpolation","score":0.4846399426460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.45408040285110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.43533411622047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4287331700325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.41476505994796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34336239099502563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33845776319503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22465375065803528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.8689084053039551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.6144362688064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5502955913543701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5283862948417664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4997415542602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4859393835067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203332170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6334079","display_name":"Multivariate interpolation","level":3,"score":0.4846399426460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.45408040285110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.43533411622047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4287331700325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.41476505994796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34336239099502563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33845776319503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22465375065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2907198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2907198","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08673734.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:844ba77a471d4c27a0b149acf640f911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/844ba77a471d4c27a0b149acf640f911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 46668-46676 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2907198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2907198","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08673734.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4510227090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41730105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5061944696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018JJ3150","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6056279473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18YBQ050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326278","funder_display_name":"Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6632297304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41801311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326278","display_name":"Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2931462468.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2931462468.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3743681","https://openalex.org/W1520795727","https://openalex.org/W1964936397","https://openalex.org/W1969453331","https://openalex.org/W1971794754","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1974024813","https://openalex.org/W1992300962","https://openalex.org/W1996170590","https://openalex.org/W2003078952","https://openalex.org/W2003672228","https://openalex.org/W2016931883","https://openalex.org/W2017773864","https://openalex.org/W2022184919","https://openalex.org/W2026169687","https://openalex.org/W2031004944","https://openalex.org/W2042812801","https://openalex.org/W2046415500","https://openalex.org/W2049058890","https://openalex.org/W2055462421","https://openalex.org/W2059594294","https://openalex.org/W2071936897","https://openalex.org/W2078214086","https://openalex.org/W2099596680","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2116551969","https://openalex.org/W2122988492","https://openalex.org/W2129961764","https://openalex.org/W2138361426","https://openalex.org/W2139055047","https://openalex.org/W2148323323","https://openalex.org/W2160257110","https://openalex.org/W2318017800","https://openalex.org/W2470739781","https://openalex.org/W2546252175","https://openalex.org/W2605147858","https://openalex.org/W2765164841","https://openalex.org/W2789849108","https://openalex.org/W2791696644","https://openalex.org/W2795232771","https://openalex.org/W2899340836","https://openalex.org/W4211131047","https://openalex.org/W6729068341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2499612753","https://openalex.org/W3111802945","https://openalex.org/W2946096271","https://openalex.org/W2295423552","https://openalex.org/W1598471830","https://openalex.org/W3107369729","https://openalex.org/W2371336807","https://openalex.org/W4309651767","https://openalex.org/W1983384702","https://openalex.org/W2120991980"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spatial":[0],"regression":[1,36,114,144],"or":[2,37],"interpolation":[3,38,116],"is":[4,53,76,92,103],"widely":[5],"used":[6,93,243],"for":[7,40,70,244],"predictive":[8,132],"soil":[9,18,43,73,133],"pollution":[10,19,74,134],"mapping,":[11],"which":[12,61],"aims":[13],"to":[14,33,94,119,162],"estimate":[15],"all":[16],"unobserved":[17],"based":[20],"on":[21],"a":[22,67],"finite":[23],"number":[24],"of":[25,130,142,166,172,176,191,203,217,223,234,241,248,257],"sample":[26,97],"points.":[27],"However,":[28],"it":[29],"may":[30],"be":[31],"unreasonable":[32],"use":[34],"spatial":[35,89,113,143],"directly":[39],"an":[41],"environmental":[42,148],"dataset":[44,149],"with":[45],"outliers,":[46],"because":[47],"the":[48,100,107,121,128,131,139,164,167,188,193,204,214,219,224,249,253,258],"mechanism":[49],"generating":[50,58],"outlier":[51,90,110,124,174],"datasets":[52],"always":[54],"different":[55],"from":[56,138],"that":[57],"normal":[59,108,122],"datasets,":[60,125],"necessitates":[62],"handling":[63],"outliers":[64],"separately.":[65],"Therefore,":[66],"hybrid":[68,82,205,225],"approach":[69,83,206,226],"estimating":[71],"unknown":[72],"concentrations":[75,156,182],"developed":[77],"in":[78],"this":[79],"paper.":[80],"The":[81,170,246],"comprises":[84],"three":[85],"main":[86],"steps:":[87],"First,":[88],"detection":[91],"uncover":[95],"abnormal":[96],"points":[98,175],"and":[99,109,115,123,145,154,180,185,198,210,221,230,255],"study":[101],"area":[102],"then":[104],"divided":[105],"into":[106],"areas.":[111],"Second,":[112],"are":[117,136],"applied":[118],"analyze":[120],"respectively.":[126,212,232],"Finally,":[127],"results":[129],"mapping":[135],"derived":[137],"prediction":[140,189,215],"combination":[141],"interpolation.":[146],"An":[147],"recording":[150],"heavy":[151,177],"metal":[152,178],"Cd":[153,179],"As":[155,181],"at":[157],"Huizhou,":[158],"China":[159],"was":[160],"selected":[161],"verify":[163],"performance":[165],"proposed":[168,259],"approach.":[169,260],"numbers":[171],"identified":[173],"were":[183,207,227,237],"16":[184],"13.":[186],"For":[187,213],"result":[190,216,247],"Cd,":[192],"mean":[194,199],"square":[195],"error":[196,201],"(MSE)":[197],"relative":[200],"(MRE)":[202],"about":[208,228],"0.028":[209],"0.332,":[211],"As,":[218],"MSE":[220],"MRE":[222],"3.834":[229],"0.366,":[231],"All":[233],"these":[235],"values":[236],"smaller":[238],"than":[239],"those":[240],"models":[242],"comparison.":[245],"comparative":[250],"analysis":[251],"demonstrates":[252],"feasibility":[254],"effectiveness":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}