{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2748622073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2739822","title":"Initial Shape Pool Construction for Facial Landmark Localization Under Occlusion","display_name":"Initial Shape Pool Construction for Facial Landmark Localization Under Occlusion","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2748622073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2739822","mag":"2748622073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2739822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2739822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2739822","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063794550","display_name":"Xinrong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-4137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinrong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056068917","display_name":"Junwei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6094-1203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junwei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6094-1203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013472903","display_name":"Yiyun Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5880-0068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyun Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1804,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56400902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"16649","last_page":"16655"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.7300752997398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.7135176062583923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6786049008369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.645874559879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.6211861371994019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6022356748580933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4861997961997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.35329005122184753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.7300752997398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.7135176062583923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6786049008369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.645874559879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.6211861371994019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6022356748580933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4861997961997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35329005122184753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2739822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2739822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:af58070c1c35471fbf30fdab0d40d47a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/af58070c1c35471fbf30fdab0d40d47a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 5, Pp 16649-16655 (2017)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2739822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2739822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2068368503","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WUT: 2017ZY083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2604341388","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015CFA059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4598956660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015CFA069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6488304302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YS069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324638","funder_display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6547997230","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61601337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8027408626","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WUT: 2017IVB025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324638","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544935352","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1960706641","https://openalex.org/W1970453205","https://openalex.org/W2042980227","https://openalex.org/W2067065914","https://openalex.org/W2072611746","https://openalex.org/W2085983359","https://openalex.org/W2110717342","https://openalex.org/W2111372597","https://openalex.org/W2130563197","https://openalex.org/W2136000821","https://openalex.org/W2149035855","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2162280462","https://openalex.org/W2210580011","https://openalex.org/W2214733281","https://openalex.org/W2215581249","https://openalex.org/W2238285753","https://openalex.org/W2326887180","https://openalex.org/W2330274280","https://openalex.org/W2404654627","https://openalex.org/W2407287574","https://openalex.org/W2465108587","https://openalex.org/W2474166357","https://openalex.org/W2519753233","https://openalex.org/W2548056051","https://openalex.org/W2591180097","https://openalex.org/W2591940486","https://openalex.org/W2600389231","https://openalex.org/W2607103028","https://openalex.org/W2609641019","https://openalex.org/W2732445909","https://openalex.org/W2964014798","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W6632945078","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6641044740","https://openalex.org/W6667296619","https://openalex.org/W6676576236","https://openalex.org/W6681769576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2026924879","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W1966871700","https://openalex.org/W2536734722","https://openalex.org/W2075742732","https://openalex.org/W4387877362","https://openalex.org/W4385595302"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"a":[1,83,93,134,159],"local":[2],"binary":[3],"patterns-based":[4],"initialization":[5],"scheme":[6,174,196],"for":[7,67],"robust":[8],"cascaded":[9],"pose":[10],"regression":[11],"was":[12],"proposed,":[13],"which":[14,149],"selects":[15],"the":[16,21,28,34,40,44,49,59,62,71,74,103,106,110,130,155,163,172,178,187,194],"most":[17,45],"correlated":[18,46],"shapes":[19,47],"with":[20,48],"estimated":[22,50],"face":[23,84,124,160],"from":[24,122],"training":[25,38,65,72],"set":[26,66,181],"as":[27,109],"initial":[29,95],"shapes.":[30],"Nevertheless,":[31],"due":[32],"to":[33,54,91,132,153,162],"massive":[35],"samples":[36],"in":[37,64,70,85,141,186],"set,":[39,73],"operation":[41],"of":[42,61,137,158,171,182],"selecting":[43],"shape":[51,96],"turns":[52],"out":[53],"be":[55,77,89,151],"time-consuming.":[56],"To":[57],"reduce":[58,199],"quantity":[60],"faces":[63,75,104],"correlation":[68],"analyzing":[69],"should":[76],"divided":[78],"into":[79],"latent":[80,107,111,164],"classes,":[81],"and":[82,105,125],"each":[86,123,142],"class":[87],"could":[88],"chosen":[90],"form":[92],"smaller":[94],"pool.":[97],"In":[98],"this":[99],"paper,":[100],"we":[101],"view":[102],"classes":[108,165],"Dirichlet":[112],"allocation":[113],"model.":[114],"We":[115],"first":[116],"extract":[117],"scale-invariant":[118],"feature":[119],"transform":[120],"features":[121,131,140],"employ":[126],"k-means":[127],"algorithm":[128],"on":[129,177,202],"obtain":[133],"fixed":[135],"number":[136],"clusters.":[138],"The":[139,169,189],"cluster":[143],"are":[144],"represented":[145],"by":[146,205],"its":[147],"centroid,":[148],"can":[150,197],"used":[152],"generate":[154],"probability":[156],"distribution":[157],"belonging":[161],"via":[166],"Gibbs":[167],"sampling.":[168],"performance":[170],"proposed":[173,195],"is":[175],"evaluated":[176],"challenging":[179],"data":[180],"Caltech":[183],"Occluded":[184],"Faces":[185],"Wild.":[188],"experimental":[190],"results":[191],"show":[192],"that":[193],"significantly":[198],"time":[200],"cost":[201],"landmark":[203],"localization":[204],"65.84%":[206],"without":[207],"dropping":[208],"accuracy.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}