{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097296595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/4.896223","title":"Architecture, design, and test of continuous-time tunable intermediate-frequency bandpass delta-sigma modulators","display_name":"Architecture, design, and test of continuous-time tunable intermediate-frequency bandpass delta-sigma modulators","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097296595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/4.896223","mag":"2097296595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/4.896223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/4.896223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076573098","display_name":"G. Raghavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8311-7840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200576644","display_name":"HRL Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p7te762","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. Raghavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","HRL Laboratories, , Malibu, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HRL Laboratories, , Malibu, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109230670","display_name":"J.F. Jensen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200576644","display_name":"HRL Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p7te762","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.F. Jensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047288905","display_name":"J. Laskowski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200576644","display_name":"HRL Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p7te762","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Laskowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082689112","display_name":"M. Kardos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200576644","display_name":"HRL Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p7te762","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Kardos","raw_affiliation_strings":["LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110899900","display_name":"M. Case","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200576644","display_name":"HRL Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p7te762","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.G. Case","raw_affiliation_strings":["LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063795582","display_name":"M. Sokolich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-6857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200576644","display_name":"HRL Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p7te762","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Sokolich","raw_affiliation_strings":["LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043797494","display_name":"Steve Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6278-6833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200576644","display_name":"HRL Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p7te762","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[LLC, HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076573098"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200576644"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0141,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93755106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"1","first_page":"5","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-sigma-modulation","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","score":0.785271406173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.6217907667160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cutoff-frequency","display_name":"Cutoff frequency","score":0.5439309477806091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/band-pass-filter","display_name":"Band-pass filter","score":0.5436888933181763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5221043825149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrowband","display_name":"Narrowband","score":0.48640039563179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.47975218296051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermediate-frequency","display_name":"Intermediate frequency","score":0.47474318742752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.41968464851379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oversampling","display_name":"Oversampling","score":0.41377902030944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3781002461910248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.31350189447402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3006952404975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18397432565689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08839482069015503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68754193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184820","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","level":3,"score":0.785271406173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.6217907667160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6142545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455881","display_name":"Cutoff frequency","level":2,"score":0.5439309477806091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147788027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2718101","display_name":"Band-pass filter","level":2,"score":0.5436888933181763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5221043825149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.48640039563179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.47975218296051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8480308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244948","display_name":"Intermediate frequency","level":3,"score":0.47474318742752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.41968464851379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.41377902030944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3781002461910248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.31350189447402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3006952404975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18397432565689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08839482069015503}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/4.896223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/4.896223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582739061","https://openalex.org/W1532166965","https://openalex.org/W1552237877","https://openalex.org/W1603809117","https://openalex.org/W1964286652","https://openalex.org/W1991680123","https://openalex.org/W2044326050","https://openalex.org/W2105131860","https://openalex.org/W2108053056","https://openalex.org/W2109228006","https://openalex.org/W2110197541","https://openalex.org/W2115380504","https://openalex.org/W2117276363","https://openalex.org/W2153660465","https://openalex.org/W2154320585","https://openalex.org/W2177000863","https://openalex.org/W2501727861","https://openalex.org/W2544760317","https://openalex.org/W2788945359","https://openalex.org/W3111316794","https://openalex.org/W3212153319","https://openalex.org/W6702091000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040229502","https://openalex.org/W1580014081","https://openalex.org/W1523707702","https://openalex.org/W2421111280","https://openalex.org/W2097165798","https://openalex.org/W1497881430","https://openalex.org/W2599174517","https://openalex.org/W2117483815","https://openalex.org/W2170102475","https://openalex.org/W3175904419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,49],"paper":[1,50],"examines":[2],"the":[3,34],"architecture,":[4],"design,":[5],"and":[6,39,55,85,119],"test":[7,56],"of":[8,33,54,82,89,93,123,136],"continuous-time":[9,59],"tunable":[10],"intermediate-frequency":[11],"(IF)":[12],"fourth-order":[13,60,107],"bandpass":[14],"delta-sigma":[15],"(BP":[16],"/spl":[17,62,99,108],"Delta//spl":[18,63,109],"Sigma/)":[19],"modulators.":[20],"Bandpass":[21],"modulators":[22,65,138],"sampling":[23,32,112,157],"at":[24,113],"high":[25,156],"IFs":[26],"(/spl":[27,132,147],"sim/100":[28],"MHz)":[29,134,169],"allow":[30],"direct":[31],"RF":[35],"signal-reducing":[36],"analog":[37],"hardware":[38],"make":[40],"it":[41],"easier":[42],"to":[43],"realize":[44],"completely":[45],"software":[46],"programmable":[47],"receivers.":[48],"presents":[51],"circuit":[52],"design":[53],"results":[57],"from":[58,98],"BP":[61],"Sigma/":[64,110],"fabricated":[66,104],"in":[67,161],"AlInAs/GaInAs":[68],"heterojunction":[69],"bipolar":[70],"technology":[71],"with":[72],"a":[73,86,103,127],"peak":[74],"unity":[75],"current":[76],"gain":[77],"cutoff":[78],"frequency":[79,88,158],"(f/sub":[80,91],"T/)":[81],"80":[83],"GHz":[84],"maximum":[87],"oscillation":[90],"MAX/)":[92],"about":[94],"130":[95],"GHz.":[96],"Operating":[97],"plusmn/5-V":[100],"power":[101],"supplies,":[102],"180-MHz":[105],"IF":[106],"modulator":[111],"4":[114],"GS/s":[115],"demonstrates":[116],"stable":[117],"behavior":[118],"achieves":[120],"75.8":[121],"dB":[122],"signal-to-(noise+distortion)-ratio":[124],"(SNDR)":[125],"over":[126],"1-MHz":[128],"bandwidth.":[129],"Narrowband":[130],"performance":[131,135,146,170],"sim/1":[133],"these":[137],"is":[139,150,164],"limited":[140,151],"by":[141,152,166],"thermal/device":[142],"noise":[143],"while":[144],"broadband":[145,167],"sim/60":[148],"MHz),":[149],"quantization":[153],"noise.":[154],"The":[155],"(4":[159],"GS/s)":[160],"this":[162],"converter":[163],"dictated":[165],"(60":[168],"requirements.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
