{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165804345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wts51064.2021.9433679","title":"AptBLE: Adaptive PHY Mode based on K-means Algorithm in Bluetooth5","display_name":"AptBLE: Adaptive PHY Mode based on K-means Algorithm in Bluetooth5","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165804345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wts51064.2021.9433679","mag":"3165804345"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wts51064.2021.9433679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wts51064.2021.9433679","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/251913926/AptBLE_Adaptive_PHY_Mode_based_on_K_means_Algorithm_in_Bluetooth5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101736722","display_name":"Xuan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4627-0361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009697230","display_name":"Mingyuan Zang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6278-1282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyuan Zang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035284931","display_name":"Ying Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0678-8831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019200141","display_name":"Lars Dittmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-6165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Dittmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101736722"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07630768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phy","display_name":"PHY","score":0.9690614938735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.8730455636978149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7755769491195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.5097638964653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.49680235981941223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43669265508651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.42782482504844666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4133513569831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4121451675891876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.35344499349594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1834714114665985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10856571793556213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09816429018974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09205988049507141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.05795300006866455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41918916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"PHY","level":4,"score":0.9690614938735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.8730455636978149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7755769491195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.5097638964653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.49680235981941223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43669265508651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.42782482504844666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4133513569831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4121451675891876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.35344499349594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1834714114665985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10856571793556213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09816429018974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09205988049507141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.05795300006866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wts51064.2021.9433679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wts51064.2021.9433679","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/a7f5e5b8-b757-4f26-b3b9-e53b4c1e827a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/a7f5e5b8-b757-4f26-b3b9-e53b4c1e827a","pdf_url":"https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/251913926/AptBLE_Adaptive_PHY_Mode_based_on_K_means_Algorithm_in_Bluetooth5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Luo , X , Zang , M , Yan , Y &amp; Dittmann , L 2021 , AptBLE: Adaptive PHY Mode based on K-means Algorithm in Bluetooth5 . in Proceedings of 2021 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS) . IEEE , 2021 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS) , 22/04/2020 . https://doi.org/10.1109/WTS51064.2021.9433679","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/a7f5e5b8-b757-4f26-b3b9-e53b4c1e827a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/a7f5e5b8-b757-4f26-b3b9-e53b4c1e827a","pdf_url":"https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/251913926/AptBLE_Adaptive_PHY_Mode_based_on_K_means_Algorithm_in_Bluetooth5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Luo , X , Zang , M , Yan , Y &amp; Dittmann , L 2021 , AptBLE: Adaptive PHY Mode based on K-means Algorithm in Bluetooth5 . in Proceedings of 2021 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS) . IEEE , 2021 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS) , 22/04/2020 . https://doi.org/10.1109/WTS51064.2021.9433679","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1115552368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"INCOM","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313796","funder_display_name":"Innovationsfonden"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313796","display_name":"Innovationsfonden","ror":"https://ror.org/00daj4111"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3165804345.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3165804345.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W2110981381","https://openalex.org/W2199535352","https://openalex.org/W2228705210","https://openalex.org/W2736820312","https://openalex.org/W2947710037","https://openalex.org/W2963891418","https://openalex.org/W2970523170","https://openalex.org/W2981749009","https://openalex.org/W2999785729","https://openalex.org/W3009998119","https://openalex.org/W3099682841","https://openalex.org/W3103489123","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W6687810106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996202879","https://openalex.org/W3165804345","https://openalex.org/W2945523224","https://openalex.org/W4313639042","https://openalex.org/W2444418218","https://openalex.org/W2727597159","https://openalex.org/W4241709719","https://openalex.org/W1488909492","https://openalex.org/W4234133302","https://openalex.org/W2111773294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"Bluetooth5":[1,22,90],"standard":[2],"released":[3],"in":[4,8,71,89,145,165,185,190],"2016,":[5],"its":[6,48],"usage":[7],"commercial":[9],"electronic":[10],"products":[11],"has":[12],"been":[13],"increased":[14],"rapidly":[15],"and":[16,30,38,50,63,75,129,143,158,169,187],"substantially.":[17],"Comparing":[18],"to":[19],"BLE":[20],"4.2,":[21],"supports":[23],"three":[24],"PHY":[25,32,58,87,109,163],"modes,":[26],"respectively":[27],"2M,":[28],"1M":[29],"Coded":[31],"mode,":[33],"providing":[34],"a":[35,39,45,80,181],"higher":[36],"throughput":[37,49,74,168,177,183],"wider":[40],"range.":[41,171],"Whereas":[42],"there":[43],"is":[44,55,60,154],"trade-off":[46],"between":[47],"coverage.":[51,76],"When":[52],"the":[53,57,69,86,94,104,112,123,131,141,160,176],"connection":[54],"established,":[56],"mode":[59,88,164],"commonly":[61],"pre-configured":[62],"fixed.":[64],"This":[65],"rigid":[66],"design":[67],"limits":[68],"flexibility":[70],"offering":[72],"dynamic":[73],"Therefore,":[77],"we":[78,102,120],"propose":[79],"method":[81,133],"termed":[82],"AptBLE,":[83,119,179],"that":[84],"switches":[85],"adaptively":[91],"by":[92],"considering":[93],"Received":[95],"Signal":[96],"Strength":[97],"Indicator":[98],"(RSSI)":[99],"level.":[100],"Specifically,":[101],"optimise":[103],"RSSI":[105],"threshold":[106],"for":[107],"different":[108],"modes":[110],"using":[111],"K-means":[113],"clustering":[114],"algorithm.":[115],"Moreover,":[116],"based":[117],"on":[118,140],"further":[121],"enable":[122],"Data":[124],"Length":[125],"Extension":[126],"(DLE)":[127],"feature":[128],"term":[130],"improved":[132],"as":[134],"AptBLEM.":[135],"We":[136],"implement":[137],"AptBLE":[138,153],"(M)":[139],"boards":[142],"test":[144],"indoor":[146,191],"environment.":[147,192],"The":[148],"experimental":[149],"results":[150],"show":[151],"that,":[152],"more":[155],"flexible,":[156],"robust":[157],"outperforms":[159],"original":[161],"fixed":[162],"terms":[166],"of":[167],"transmission":[170],"Furthermore,":[172],"AptBLEM":[173],"can":[174],"triple":[175],"than":[178],"with":[180],"maximum":[182],"value":[184],"1035Kbps":[186],"42m":[188],"range":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
