{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2623253267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wts.2017.7943542","title":"A BLE RSSI ranking based indoor positioning system for generic smartphones","display_name":"A BLE RSSI ranking based indoor positioning system for generic smartphones","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2623253267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wts.2017.7943542","mag":"2623253267"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wts.2017.7943542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wts.2017.7943542","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089090475","display_name":"Zixiang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2900-5214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zixiang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, Unite Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, Unite Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018639589","display_name":"Stefan Poslad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3156-9609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Poslad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London, London, London, GB"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London, London, London, GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108528534","display_name":"John Bigham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Bigham","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, Unite Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, Unite Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101606481","display_name":"Xiaoshuai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5155-122X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoshuai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, Unite Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, Unite Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035508486","display_name":"Liang Men","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8478-9165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Men","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, Unite Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, Unite Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089090475"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8198,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95559848,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7493026256561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth-low-energy","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","score":0.7279083728790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.6604102253913879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-strength","display_name":"Signal strength","score":0.6278629899024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/received-signal-strength-indication","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","score":0.5722300410270691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.5257701873779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-phone","display_name":"Mobile phone","score":0.5188394784927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5053096413612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.4763346314430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.449124813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4440397024154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.43871402740478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33240628242492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30515170097351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.26102563738822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08333128690719604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7493026256561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776418194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638779","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","level":4,"score":0.7279083728790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.6604102253913879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.6278629899024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778913798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195672","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","level":3,"score":0.5722300410270691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.5257701873779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Mobile phone","level":2,"score":0.5188394784927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5053096413612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.4763346314430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.449124813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4440397024154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.43871402740478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33240628242492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30515170097351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.26102563738822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08333128690719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wts.2017.7943542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wts.2017.7943542","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/36143","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/36143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311061","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206690697","https://openalex.org/W1557874622","https://openalex.org/W1576840513","https://openalex.org/W1677531452","https://openalex.org/W1965524806","https://openalex.org/W1971130353","https://openalex.org/W2000848971","https://openalex.org/W2015529002","https://openalex.org/W2044511643","https://openalex.org/W2062999889","https://openalex.org/W2069392481","https://openalex.org/W2073831302","https://openalex.org/W2074017997","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2115513410","https://openalex.org/W2117934391","https://openalex.org/W2141834215","https://openalex.org/W2170108541","https://openalex.org/W2218667367","https://openalex.org/W2266339649","https://openalex.org/W2296000181","https://openalex.org/W2307851164","https://openalex.org/W2318966136","https://openalex.org/W2343107556","https://openalex.org/W2407522548","https://openalex.org/W2478690774","https://openalex.org/W2563417884","https://openalex.org/W3101477643","https://openalex.org/W3134357207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026217228","https://openalex.org/W2460679371","https://openalex.org/W1566557084","https://openalex.org/W1981475037","https://openalex.org/W2956056877","https://openalex.org/W2612405521","https://openalex.org/W4310175343","https://openalex.org/W3171659835","https://openalex.org/W4283709933","https://openalex.org/W1510951901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"navigation":[1,9],"in":[2,101,114,148],"physical":[3,14,172],"retail":[4,103],"type":[5],"spaces":[6],"aids":[7],"the":[8,27,91,123,129,134],"of":[10,95,120,133,153,163],"users":[11],"to":[12,42,48,54,84,141,169],"find":[13],"items":[15],"at":[16],"known":[17],"destinations.":[18],"WiFi":[19],"Fingerprinting":[20],"using":[21],"a":[22,62,86,102,107,138,149],"mobile":[23],"phone":[24],"is":[25,34,45,112,122],"perhaps":[26],"most":[28],"widely":[29],"used":[30],"method.":[31],"However,":[32],"this":[33,58],"power-hungry,":[35],"and":[36,111,131],"its":[37],"typical":[38],"positioning":[39,109,161],"accuracy":[40,110],"(2.0":[41],"3.0":[43],"meters)":[44],"not":[46],"enough":[47],"differentiate":[49,170],"between":[50,171],"adjacent":[51],"narrow":[52],"aisles":[53],"locate":[55],"items.":[56],"In":[57],"paper,":[59],"we":[60],"present":[61,137],"novel":[63,139],"(Bluetooth":[64],"Low":[65],"Energy)":[66],"BLE":[67],"Received":[68],"Signal":[69],"Strength":[70],"Indication":[71],"(RSSI)":[72],"ranking":[73,94],"based":[74],"fingerprinting":[75],"method":[76,147],"that":[77],"uses":[78],"Kendall":[79],"Tau":[80],"Correlation":[81],"Coefficient":[82],"(KTCC)":[83],"correlate":[85],"new":[87],"signal":[88,92],"position":[89],"with":[90],"strength":[93],"multiple":[96],"low-power":[97],"iBeacon":[98],"devices":[99],"situated":[100],"space.":[104],"This":[105],"offers":[106],"higher":[108],"supported":[113],"recent":[115],"smartphones.":[116],"An":[117],"important":[118],"source":[119],"error":[121,162],"RSSI,":[124],"which":[125,166],"varies":[126],"depending":[127],"on":[128],"model":[130],"orientation":[132],"phone.":[135],"We":[136,144,157],"way":[140],"mitigate":[142],"this.":[143],"validated":[145],"our":[146],"retail-like":[150],"indoor":[151],"space":[152,173],"Queen":[154],"Mary":[155],"Library.":[156],"achieved":[158],"an":[159],"average":[160],"0.87":[164],"meters":[165],"was":[167],"sufficient":[168],"aisles.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}