{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4317792304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wsc57314.2022.10015234","title":"AI-Based Military Decision Support Using Natural Language","display_name":"AI-Based Military Decision Support Using Natural Language","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4317792304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wsc57314.2022.10015234"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wsc57314.2022.10015234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc57314.2022.10015234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607869","display_name":"2022 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc57314.2022.10015234","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008652850","display_name":"Michael Mobius","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136903","display_name":"Airbus (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04a3akw68","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121748","https://openalex.org/I4210136903"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Mobius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Airbus Defence and Space GmbH,Dept. Operational Analysis and Studies,Immenstaad,Germany,88090"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airbus Defence and Space GmbH,Dept. Operational Analysis and Studies,Immenstaad,Germany,88090","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042180164","display_name":"Daniel Kallfass","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136903","display_name":"Airbus (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04a3akw68","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121748","https://openalex.org/I4210136903"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Kallfass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Airbus Defence and Space GmbH,Dept. Operational Analysis and Studies,Immenstaad,Germany,88090"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airbus Defence and Space GmbH,Dept. Operational Analysis and Studies,Immenstaad,Germany,88090","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043586065","display_name":"Thomas Doll","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Doll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Army Concepts and Capabilities Development Centre, Division I,Cologne,Germany,50968"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Army Concepts and Capabilities Development Centre, Division I,Cologne,Germany,50968","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012917915","display_name":"Dietmar Kunde","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152969","display_name":"Bundeswehr","ror":"https://ror.org/00nmgny79","country_code":null,"type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dietmar Kunde","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Army Headquarters von-Hardenberg-Kaserne,Strausberg,Germany,15344"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Army Headquarters von-Hardenberg-Kaserne,Strausberg,Germany,15344","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4153,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60535383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7356241941452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7134042978286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5742478966712952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5597530603408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.5469787120819092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.534195601940155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4701269567012787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4372546076774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.42790114879608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.38685348629951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08272343873977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7356241941452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7134042978286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5742478966712952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5597530603408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.5469787120819092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.534195601940155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4701269567012787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4372546076774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.42790114879608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.38685348629951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08272343873977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wsc57314.2022.10015234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc57314.2022.10015234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607869","display_name":"2022 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wsc57314.2022.10015234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc57314.2022.10015234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607869","display_name":"2022 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2982316857","https://openalex.org/W3141505642","https://openalex.org/W3183523878","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4253823251","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6764088478","https://openalex.org/W6780559895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367925007","https://openalex.org/W3015724364","https://openalex.org/W4288263119","https://openalex.org/W2967994095","https://openalex.org/W4285240985","https://openalex.org/W2900126711","https://openalex.org/W4225162083","https://openalex.org/W3202115945","https://openalex.org/W2542958340","https://openalex.org/W4389520438"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,95],"mimic":[1],"a":[2,39,54,82,98,121],"realistic":[3],"representation":[4],"of":[5,26,30,42,49,132,140],"military":[6],"operations,":[7],"serious":[8],"combat":[9,22,57],"simulations":[10],"require":[11],"sound":[12],"tactical":[13,43],"behavior":[14],"from":[15],"modeled":[16],"entities.":[17,52],"Therefore,":[18],"one":[19],"must":[20],"define":[21],"tactics,":[23],"doctrines,":[24],"rules":[25],"engagement,":[27],"and":[28,70,88,103,128],"concepts":[29],"operation.":[31],"Reinforcement":[32],"learning":[33,146],"has":[34],"been":[35],"proven":[36],"to":[37,73,118,126],"generate":[38],"broad":[40],"range":[41],"actions":[44,104],"within":[45],"the":[46,50,101,115,130,137,144],"behavioral":[47],"boundaries":[48],"involved":[51],"In":[53],"multi-agent":[55],"ground":[56],"scenario,":[58],"this":[59],"paper":[60,135],"demonstrates":[61],"how":[62],"our":[63],"artificial":[64],"intelligence":[65],"(AI)":[66],"application":[67],"develops":[68],"strategies":[69],"provides":[71],"orders":[72,102],"subsidiary":[74],"units":[75],"while":[76],"conducting":[77],"missions":[78],"accordingly.":[79],"We":[80],"propose":[81],"combined":[83],"approach":[84],"where":[85],"human":[86,116],"knowledge":[87],"responsibility":[89],"collaborate":[90],"with":[91],"an":[92],"AI":[93,107],"system.":[94],"communicate":[96],"on":[97],"common":[99],"level,":[100],"imposed":[105],"by":[106],"are":[108],"given":[109],"in":[110,120,124],"natural":[111,141],"language.":[112],"This":[113,134],"empowers":[114],"operator":[117],"act":[119],"human-on-the-loop":[122],"role":[123],"order":[125],"validate":[127],"evaluate":[129],"reasoning":[131],"AI.":[133],"showcases":[136],"successful":[138],"integration":[139],"language":[142],"into":[143],"reinforcement":[145],"process.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
