{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126078425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wpmc67460.2025.11351047","title":"Search Trees: A Review and Comparative Study","display_name":"Search Trees: A Review and Comparative Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126078425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wpmc67460.2025.11351047"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wpmc67460.2025.11351047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wpmc67460.2025.11351047","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 28th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011176960","display_name":"Mohammed Alaa Ala\u2019anzy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0005-7037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097753","display_name":"Kazakh-American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xn7zn29","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097753"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Alaa Ala\u2019anzy","raw_affiliation_strings":["SDU University,Dept. Computer Science,Kaskelen,Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SDU University,Dept. Computer Science,Kaskelen,Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124192724","display_name":"Aknur Mansurkhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097753","display_name":"Kazakh-American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xn7zn29","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097753"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aknur Mansurkhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["SDU University,Dept. Computer Science,Kaskelen,Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SDU University,Dept. Computer Science,Kaskelen,Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124215278","display_name":"Meruyert Oshayeva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097753","display_name":"Kazakh-American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xn7zn29","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097753"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meruyert Oshayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["SDU University,Dept. Computer Science,Kaskelen,Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SDU University,Dept. Computer Science,Kaskelen,Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124175491","display_name":"Alaa F. M. Al-Hadeethi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3040621137","display_name":"Alsalam University College","ror":"https://ror.org/0047hkh43","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3040621137"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaa F. M. Al-Hadeethi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Hikma University College,Dept. of Business Administration,Baghdad,Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Hikma University College,Dept. of Business Administration,Baghdad,Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3040621137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124191769","display_name":"Ramis Akhmedov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097753","display_name":"Kazakh-American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xn7zn29","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097753"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramis Akhmedov","raw_affiliation_strings":["SDU University,Dept. Computer Science,Kaskelen,Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SDU University,Dept. Computer Science,Kaskelen,Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010021760","display_name":"Omar Imhemed Alramli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152195623","display_name":"Misurata University","ror":"https://ror.org/014fcf271","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152195623"]}],"countries":["LY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar I. Alramli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Misurata University,Dept. of Telecomm. & Netw.,Misurata,Libya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Misurata University,Dept. of Telecomm. & Netw.,Misurata,Libya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152195623"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031959609","display_name":"Omar Alnaseri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7246-3974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161104310","display_name":"Zeppelin Universit\u00e4t gemeinn\u00fctzige GmbH","ror":"https://ror.org/05tbp1g38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161104310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254181534","display_name":"ZF Friedrichshafen (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/021wbbm64","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254181534"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Alnaseri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baden-Wuerttemberg University,Dept. Electrical Engineering,Friedrichshafen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baden-Wuerttemberg University,Dept. Electrical Engineering,Friedrichshafen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254181534","https://openalex.org/I161104310"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011176960"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097753"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2671,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85699667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.2574000060558319,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.2574000060558319,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.0989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.06289999932050705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6897000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-search-tree","display_name":"Binary search tree","score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-structure","display_name":"Tree structure","score":0.4171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideal","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.35199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7123000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6897000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91154448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623818","display_name":"Binary search tree","level":3,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.4171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197855036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380172","display_name":"Binary tree","level":2,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121610932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243754","display_name":"Binary search algorithm","level":3,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207024777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621673","display_name":"Search tree","level":3,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wpmc67460.2025.11351047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wpmc67460.2025.11351047","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 28th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.43191659450531006,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569631828","https://openalex.org/W1992310662","https://openalex.org/W2005933303","https://openalex.org/W2044358126","https://openalex.org/W2140290160","https://openalex.org/W2168992062","https://openalex.org/W2518235880","https://openalex.org/W2805624409","https://openalex.org/W2806932311","https://openalex.org/W2964085654","https://openalex.org/W2997046576","https://openalex.org/W3000489059","https://openalex.org/W3196690313","https://openalex.org/W4223940702","https://openalex.org/W4234063238","https://openalex.org/W4388823227","https://openalex.org/W4392538872","https://openalex.org/W4393317017","https://openalex.org/W4398247711","https://openalex.org/W4399043653","https://openalex.org/W4405304626","https://openalex.org/W4406893354","https://openalex.org/W4411337512"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"data-structure":[1],"selection":[2],"plays":[3],"a":[4,19],"pivotal":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,12,122,143],"optimizing":[8],"computational":[9],"resources,":[10],"particularly":[11],"constrained":[13],"IoT-edge":[14],"environments.":[15,145],"This":[16],"study":[17],"presents":[18],"comparative":[20],"performance":[21,70,82,124],"analysis":[22],"of":[23],"five":[24],"search-tree":[25,110],"variants:":[26],"binary":[27],"search":[28],"tree":[29,32,35,38,42],"(BST),":[30],"red-black":[31],"(RBT),":[33],"segment":[34],"(ST),":[36],"ternary":[37],"(TT),":[39],"and":[40,53,61,73,86,134],"n-ary":[41],"(NT),":[43],"under":[44,83],"synthetic":[45],"workloads":[46],"varying":[47],"key":[48],"distribution,":[49],"input":[50],"size":[51],"(10,000\u201350,000),":[52],"operation":[54,114],"mix.":[55],"We":[56],"measured":[57],"average":[58],"search,":[59],"insertion,":[60],"deletion":[62,91],"metrics.":[63],"Results":[64],"show":[65],"that":[66],"ST":[67],"delivers":[68],"superior":[69],"for":[71,96,106,131],"search-dominant":[72],"range":[74],"queries;":[75],"RBT":[76],"maintains":[77],"the":[78,89,108],"most":[79],"consistent":[80],"update":[81],"dynamic":[84],"conditions;":[85],"NT":[87],"achieves":[88],"lowest":[90],"overhead,":[92],"making":[93],"it":[94],"ideal":[95],"hierarchical":[97],"data":[98,139],"purging.":[99],"These":[100],"quantitative":[101],"insights":[102],"provide":[103],"clear":[104],"guidance":[105],"selecting":[107],"optimal":[109],"structure":[111],"when":[112],"balancing":[113],"cost":[115],"against":[116],"resource":[117],"constraints.":[118],"Importantly,":[119],"while":[120],"rooted":[121],"algorithmic":[123],"analysis,":[125],"these":[126],"findings":[127],"have":[128],"practical":[129],"relevance":[130],"sensor":[132],"networks":[133],"smart":[135],"applications,":[136],"where":[137],"time-efficient":[138],"management":[140],"is":[141],"essential":[142],"resource-constrained":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-26T08:31:28.666265","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}