{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008855247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wpmc48795.2019.9096131","title":"Crowding Detection Combining Trace Elements from Heterogeneous Wireless Technologies","display_name":"Crowding Detection Combining Trace Elements from Heterogeneous Wireless Technologies","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008855247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wpmc48795.2019.9096131","mag":"3008855247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wpmc48795.2019.9096131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wpmc48795.2019.9096131","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 22nd International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10071/26037","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063771683","display_name":"Ruben Dias da Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110026055","display_name":"Iscte \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/014837179","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110026055"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R\u00faben Dias da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicções Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL),Lisboa,Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunic\u00e7\u00f5es Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicções Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL),Lisboa,Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunic\u00e7\u00f5es Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I110026055"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086997525","display_name":"Rui Neto Marinheiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0385-8876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110026055","display_name":"Iscte \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/014837179","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110026055"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Neto Marinheiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicções Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL),Lisboa,Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunic\u00e7\u00f5es Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicções Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL),Lisboa,Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunic\u00e7\u00f5es Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I110026055"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083329154","display_name":"Fernando Brito e Abreu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9086-4122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100009","display_name":"Iscte \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa","ror":null,"country_code":"PT","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100009"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110026055","display_name":"Iscte \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/014837179","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110026055"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Brito e Abreu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISTAR-IUL, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL),Lisboa,Portugal","ISTAR-IUL, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISTAR-IUL, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL),Lisboa,Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100009"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISTAR-IUL, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110026055"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063771683"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110026055","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17063487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7756438255310059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.6318246126174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6131379008293152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5337691307067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.5045145750045776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.499286413192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overcrowding","display_name":"Overcrowding","score":0.47537437081336975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gsm","display_name":"GSM","score":0.4700514078140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4178084135055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32332879304885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17517995834350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13067883253097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09777909517288208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7756438255310059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.6318246126174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6131379008293152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5337691307067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.5045145750045776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.499286413192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778872837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113614","display_name":"Overcrowding","level":2,"score":0.47537437081336975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59201141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46904","display_name":"GSM","level":2,"score":0.4700514078140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4178084135055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32332879304885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17517995834350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13067883253097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09777909517288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wpmc48795.2019.9096131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wpmc48795.2019.9096131","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 22nd International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.iscte-iul.pt:10071/26037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10071/26037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400114","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3rio Institucional do ISCTE-IUL (ISCTE-IUL)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I110026055","host_organization_name":"Iscte \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110026055"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference object"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.iscte-iul.pt:10071/26037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10071/26037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400114","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3rio Institucional do ISCTE-IUL (ISCTE-IUL)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I110026055","host_organization_name":"Iscte \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110026055"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference object"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533561824","https://openalex.org/W1970849344","https://openalex.org/W1982547756","https://openalex.org/W1994774201","https://openalex.org/W2017056417","https://openalex.org/W2026808932","https://openalex.org/W2031500863","https://openalex.org/W2061480123","https://openalex.org/W2068451051","https://openalex.org/W2281799949","https://openalex.org/W2305353402","https://openalex.org/W2401891380","https://openalex.org/W2584831367","https://openalex.org/W2588695369","https://openalex.org/W2772142599","https://openalex.org/W2793612076","https://openalex.org/W2889791335","https://openalex.org/W2963061006","https://openalex.org/W2963562852","https://openalex.org/W3123270410","https://openalex.org/W6632323398","https://openalex.org/W6732667757"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102433402","https://openalex.org/W2169079526","https://openalex.org/W2093766901","https://openalex.org/W2051009935","https://openalex.org/W2042573595","https://openalex.org/W2117960338","https://openalex.org/W1581012972","https://openalex.org/W2751040754","https://openalex.org/W2182395275","https://openalex.org/W2152068121","https://openalex.org/W2107526329","https://openalex.org/W3117823878","https://openalex.org/W1482521940","https://openalex.org/W2546670170","https://openalex.org/W2556729250","https://openalex.org/W2140257437","https://openalex.org/W2013648499","https://openalex.org/W175797991","https://openalex.org/W2170897886","https://openalex.org/W2841213531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-invasive":[0],"crowding":[1,25],"detection":[2,26,55,152],"in":[3,97,102,135],"quasi-real-time":[4],"is":[5,22,100,126],"required":[6],"for":[7,15,118],"a":[8,23,103,107,114],"number":[9,131],"of":[10,92,132,138],"use":[11],"cases,":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"mitigating":[16],"tourism":[17],"overcrowding.":[18],"The":[19,90],"present":[20],"goal":[21],"low-cost":[24],"technique":[27],"combining":[28,142],"personal":[29],"trace":[30],"elements":[31],"obtained":[32],"from":[33,144],"heterogeneous":[34],"wireless":[35,81,146],"technologies":[36],"(4G,":[37],"3G,":[38],"GSM,":[39],"Wi-":[40],"Fi":[41],"and":[42,154],"Bluetooth)":[43],"supported":[44],"by":[45,49,141],"mobile":[46,133],"devices":[47,134],"carried":[48],"most":[50],"people.":[51],"This":[52],"work":[53],"proposes":[54],"nodes":[56,70],"containing":[57],"Raspberry-Pi":[58],"boards":[59],"equipped":[60],"with":[61,149],"several":[62,85,145],"off-the-shelf":[63],"Software":[64],"Defined":[65],"Radio":[66],"(SDR)":[67],"dongles.":[68],"Those":[69],"perform":[71],"spectrum":[72],"analysis":[73],"on":[74,84],"the":[75,79,130,136],"bands":[76],"corresponding":[77],"to":[78,128],"aforementioned":[80],"technologies,":[82,147],"based":[83],"open":[86],"source":[87],"software":[88],"components.":[89],"outcome":[91],"this":[93],"edge":[94],"computing,":[95],"performed":[96],"each":[98,139,148],"node,":[99,140],"integrated":[101],"cloud":[104],"server":[105],"using":[106],"Long":[108],"Range":[109],"Wide":[110],"Area":[111],"Network":[112],"(LoRaWAN),":[113],"recent":[115],"technology":[116],"developed":[117],"IoT":[119],"applications.":[120],"Our":[121],"preliminary":[122],"results":[123],"show":[124],"that":[125],"possible":[127],"determine":[129],"vicinity":[137],"information":[143],"its":[150],"own":[151],"range":[153],"precision.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}