{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1992021967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wowmom.2013.6583462","title":"White space detection and spectrum characterization in urban and rural India","display_name":"White space detection and spectrum characterization in urban and rural India","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1992021967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wowmom.2013.6583462","mag":"1992021967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wowmom.2013.6583462","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wowmom.2013.6583462","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Symposium on \"A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks\" (WoWMoM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103415995","display_name":"Pradeep Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pradeep Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Indian Inst. of Technol. - Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Indian Inst. of Technol. - Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051701036","display_name":"Nitin Rakheja","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nitin Rakheja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019590417","display_name":"Aparna Sarswat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-8149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aparna Sarswat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058517821","display_name":"Himanshu Varshney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5025-7224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Himanshu Varshney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057001081","display_name":"Prerna Bhatia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prerna Bhatia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089267104","display_name":"Sandeep R. Goli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandeep R. Goli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034236411","display_name":"Vinay J. Ribeiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5627-5343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinay J. Ribeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101640414","display_name":"Manish Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1501-693X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manish Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","Centre for Appl. Res. in Electron., Indian Inst. of Technol. Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Appl. Res. in Electron., Indian Inst. of Technol. Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103415995"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5243,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94829728,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-spaces","display_name":"White spaces","score":0.8565992116928101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.6513971090316772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.5974276065826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.5498538017272949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5218454599380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-broadband","display_name":"Wireless broadband","score":0.5212543606758118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.5094612240791321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46664005517959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.39590051770210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.36791765689849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3540416955947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.3215024471282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25539353489875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.23584750294685364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96391052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256313","display_name":"White spaces","level":4,"score":0.8565992116928101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.6513971090316772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.5974276065826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.5498538017272949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5218454599380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85608190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922050","display_name":"Wireless broadband","level":4,"score":0.5212543606758118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.5094612240791321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46664005517959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39590051770210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.36791765689849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3540416955947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3215024471282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25539353489875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.23584750294685364}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wowmom.2013.6583462","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wowmom.2013.6583462","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE 14th International Symposium on \"A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks\" (WoWMoM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965842222","https://openalex.org/W1989881065","https://openalex.org/W1992901836","https://openalex.org/W2043344356","https://openalex.org/W2046739636","https://openalex.org/W2123673584","https://openalex.org/W2139493089","https://openalex.org/W6661855578"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205171894","https://openalex.org/W2010034250","https://openalex.org/W4249666956","https://openalex.org/W2532254729","https://openalex.org/W4235324871","https://openalex.org/W1826112873","https://openalex.org/W4210576185","https://openalex.org/W2184554287","https://openalex.org/W1973932153","https://openalex.org/W4281872903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Broadband":[0],"penetration":[1],"in":[2,13,48,63,102,121,132,174,182,195,201,216,227],"developing":[3],"countries":[4],"such":[5,66,87],"as":[6,35,60,62,67,189,191],"India":[7],"is":[8,58],"still":[9],"very":[10,238],"low,":[11],"especially":[12],"rural":[14,130,196,229,254],"areas,":[15],"because":[16],"of":[17,21,86,116,141,170,185,237],"the":[18,41,49,84,122,133,171,175,183,203,233],"prohibitive":[19],"cost":[20,85],"laying":[22],"cable":[23],"and":[24,53,129,188,220,224,240],"fiber.":[25],"Recently,":[26],"wireless":[27,242],"solutions":[28,243],"based":[29,152],"on":[30,153],"Wi-Fi":[31,45],"have":[32,145],"been":[33],"proposed":[34],"a":[36,154,228],"cost-effective":[37],"solution":[38],"to":[39,89,213,251],"bridge":[40],"last-mile":[42],"problem.":[43],"However,":[44],"normally":[46],"operates":[47],"2.4":[50],"GHz":[51],"band":[52,124,173],"above,":[54],"where":[55],"signal":[56],"propagation":[57],"not":[59,180],"good":[61],"sub-GHz":[64,99,123],"bands":[65],"terrestrial":[68],"TV":[69,72,172,206],"bands.":[70],"Using":[71],"white":[73,207,249],"spaces":[74,250],"for":[75,235],"broadband":[76],"connectivity":[77],"can":[78,245],"be":[79],"game":[80],"changing,":[81],"bringing":[82],"down":[83],"networks":[88],"an":[90,147,217],"affordable":[91,253],"level.":[92],"Few":[93],"studies":[94],"exist,":[95],"however,":[96],"which":[97,244],"characterize":[98],"spectrum":[100,119,149,158],"usage":[101],"India.":[103,142],"In":[104],"this":[105],"paper,":[106],"we":[107,113,144],"make":[108],"two":[109],"main":[110,164],"contributions.":[111],"First,":[112],"present":[114],"results":[115],"several":[117],"day-long":[118],"measurements":[120],"made":[125],"at":[126],"different":[127],"urban":[128,186,218],"locations":[131],"National":[134],"Capital":[135],"Region":[136],"(i.e.":[137],"near":[138],"New":[139],"Delhi)":[140],"Second,":[143],"developed":[146],"inexpensive":[148],"measurement":[150],"setup":[151],"commercially":[155],"available":[156],"hand-held":[157],"analyzer":[159],"called":[160],"RF":[161],"Explorer.":[162],"Our":[163],"findings":[165],"are":[166,179,193],"that":[167],"about":[168],"85%":[169],"470-698":[176],"MHz":[177,212,215,223,226],"range":[178],"used":[181],"heart":[184],"Delhi,":[187],"much":[190],"95%":[192],"unused":[194],"areas.":[197],"At":[198],"any":[199],"point":[200],"time,":[202],"largest":[204],"contiguous":[205],"space":[208],"varies":[209],"between":[210,221],"66":[211],"136":[214],"location,":[219],"51":[222],"242":[225],"location.":[230],"This":[231],"suggests":[232],"need":[234],"development":[236],"wideband,":[239],"low-cost":[241],"exploit":[246],"these":[247],"valuable":[248],"provide":[252],"connectivity.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-22T08:38:42.863108","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
