{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3142341431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wmcsa.2006.4625206","title":"Indoor Localization Using Camera Phones","display_name":"Indoor Localization Using Camera Phones","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3142341431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wmcsa.2006.4625206","mag":"3142341431"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wmcsa.2006.4625206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wmcsa.2006.4625206","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Seventh IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems &amp;amp;amp; Applications (WMCSA'06 Supplement)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112524865","display_name":"Nishkam Ravi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nishkam Ravi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020786584","display_name":"Pravin Shankar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pravin Shankar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109911219","display_name":"Andrew Frankel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Frankel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039640321","display_name":"Ahmed Elgammal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2761-4822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elgammal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083907939","display_name":"Liviu Iftode","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liviu Iftode","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112524865"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0537,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80760157,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7519070506095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-packet-radio-service","display_name":"General Packet Radio Service","score":0.7108417749404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-phone","display_name":"Smart phone","score":0.5974280834197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camera-phone","display_name":"Camera phone","score":0.5792862772941589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5209642648696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-camera","display_name":"Smart camera","score":0.5060908198356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.4736790955066681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-server","display_name":"Web server","score":0.4687127470970154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.431590735912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4154911935329437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36347806453704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3513082265853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.322903037071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.21209383010864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.19781330227851868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13412964344024658}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7519070506095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86338984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79708","display_name":"General Packet Radio Service","level":3,"score":0.7108417749404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984771860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22645","display_name":"Smart phone","level":2,"score":0.5974280834197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147942929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210820","display_name":"Camera phone","level":2,"score":0.5792862772941589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5209642648696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161334170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428778","display_name":"Smart camera","level":2,"score":0.5060908198356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.4736790955066681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11392498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11288","display_name":"Web server","level":3,"score":0.4687127470970154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.431590735912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4154911935329437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36347806453704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3513082265853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.322903037071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.21209383010864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.19781330227851868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13412964344024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wmcsa.2006.4625206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wmcsa.2006.4625206","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Seventh IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems &amp;amp;amp; Applications (WMCSA'06 Supplement)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98188630","https://openalex.org/W1536095973","https://openalex.org/W1537755482","https://openalex.org/W1579982775","https://openalex.org/W1998910888","https://openalex.org/W2035877237","https://openalex.org/W2048754157","https://openalex.org/W2068272887","https://openalex.org/W2079797201","https://openalex.org/W2093191240","https://openalex.org/W2094204865","https://openalex.org/W2102793599","https://openalex.org/W2102858470","https://openalex.org/W2105046342","https://openalex.org/W2112737587","https://openalex.org/W2117811484","https://openalex.org/W2118602640","https://openalex.org/W2121868539","https://openalex.org/W2129480985","https://openalex.org/W2133911634","https://openalex.org/W2153447197","https://openalex.org/W2160584648","https://openalex.org/W2169545352","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2914885528","https://openalex.org/W4255287207","https://openalex.org/W6604091132","https://openalex.org/W6675583992","https://openalex.org/W6677343936","https://openalex.org/W6684042114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033636237","https://openalex.org/W2410131721","https://openalex.org/W1761006571","https://openalex.org/W3169681495","https://openalex.org/W4312398782","https://openalex.org/W2739681685","https://openalex.org/W2098571589","https://openalex.org/W2588606054","https://openalex.org/W137700394","https://openalex.org/W2210891961"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"localization":[1],"has":[2],"long":[3],"been":[4],"a":[5,29,44,56,77],"goal":[6],"of":[7,18,65,104,127],"pervasive":[8],"computing":[9],"research.":[10],"In":[11,32],"this":[12,114],"paper,":[13],"we":[14],"explore":[15],"the":[16,24,35,41,63,66,70,84],"possibility":[17],"determining":[19],"user's":[20,93],"location":[21,64,94],"based":[22],"on":[23],"camera":[25],"images":[26,47,72,74],"received":[27,71],"from":[28],"smart":[30,36],"phone.":[31],"our":[33,81],"system,":[34],"phone":[37],"is":[38,125],"worn":[39],"by":[40,68],"user":[42,67],"as":[43],"pendant":[45],"and":[46,51],"are":[48],"periodically":[49],"captured":[50],"transmitted":[52],"over":[53],"GPRS":[54],"to":[55,108],"web":[57,60],"server.":[58],"The":[59,122],"server":[61],"returns":[62],"comparing":[69],"with":[73,99],"stored":[75],"in":[76],"database.":[78,131],"We":[79],"tested":[80],"system":[82],"inside":[83],"Computer":[85],"Science":[86],"department":[87],"building.":[88],"Preliminary":[89],"results":[90],"show":[91],"that":[92,126],"can":[95],"be":[96],"determined":[97],"correctly":[98],"more":[100],"than":[101],"80%":[102],"probability":[103],"success.":[105],"As":[106],"opposed":[107],"earlier":[109],"solutions":[110],"for":[111],"indoor":[112],"localization,":[113],"approach":[115],"does":[116],"not":[117],"have":[118],"any":[119],"infrastructure":[120],"requirements.":[121],"only":[123],"cost":[124],"building":[128],"an":[129],"image":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
