{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068908082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wisee.2013.6737555","title":"Gain limits of phase compensated conformal antenna arrays on non-conducting spherical surfaces using the projection method","display_name":"Gain limits of phase compensated conformal antenna arrays on non-conducting spherical surfaces using the projection method","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068908082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wisee.2013.6737555","mag":"2068908082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wisee.2013.6737555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wisee.2013.6737555","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016140637","display_name":"Bilal Ijaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6790-3050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Ijaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010875058","display_name":"Alarka Sanyal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alarka Sanyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069736188","display_name":"Alfonso Mendoza-Radal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfonso Mendoza-Radal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017576915","display_name":"Sayan Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1428-8071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayan Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101560265","display_name":"Irfan Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8909-2447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irfan Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111892954","display_name":"Michael T. Reich","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael T. Reich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048149021","display_name":"Debasis Dawn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-5763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debasis Dawn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071729990","display_name":"Benjamin D. Braaten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2575-7275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin D. Braaten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086856862","display_name":"Neil F. Chamberlain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil F. Chamberlain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","Jet Propulsion Lab. (JPL), California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Lab. (JPL), California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076353540","display_name":"Dimitris E. Anagnostou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4266-0309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184647316","display_name":"South Dakota School of Mines and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ch7yk27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184647316"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitris E. Anagnostou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., South Dakota Sch. of Mines & Technol., Rapid City, SD, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184647316"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., South Dakota Sch. of Mines & Technol., Rapid City, SD, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184647316"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016140637"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.5187,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98774885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformal-antenna","display_name":"Conformal antenna","score":0.6370459794998169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microstrip-antenna","display_name":"Microstrip antenna","score":0.5880429148674011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformal-map","display_name":"Conformal map","score":0.5297656655311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-measurement","display_name":"Antenna measurement","score":0.49213308095932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.48034536838531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-factor","display_name":"Antenna factor","score":0.47421789169311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/folded-inverted-conformal-antenna","display_name":"Folded inverted conformal antenna","score":0.4322358965873718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4108906388282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coaxial-antenna","display_name":"Coaxial antenna","score":0.3398395776748657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2720351219177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1903058886528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17161402106285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.13984748721122742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182697305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160244","display_name":"Conformal antenna","level":5,"score":0.6370459794998169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170349913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13402882","display_name":"Microstrip antenna","level":3,"score":0.5880429148674011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98214594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850275","display_name":"Conformal map","level":2,"score":0.5297656655311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158616128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771260","display_name":"Antenna measurement","level":3,"score":0.49213308095932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.48034536838531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196931383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771253","display_name":"Antenna factor","level":4,"score":0.47421789169311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113943052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5464275","display_name":"Folded inverted conformal antenna","level":5,"score":0.4322358965873718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4108906388282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93130614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5138671","display_name":"Coaxial antenna","level":4,"score":0.3398395776748657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2720351219177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1903058886528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17161402106285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.13984748721122742}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wisee.2013.6737555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wisee.2013.6737555","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu:tech_pub-1235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/tech_pub/236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400628","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma Digital Commons (University of Washington Tacoma)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","host_organization_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"School of Engineering and Technology Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W347941739","https://openalex.org/W650238904","https://openalex.org/W1510078465","https://openalex.org/W1543362394","https://openalex.org/W1858106264","https://openalex.org/W1966519819","https://openalex.org/W1983647929","https://openalex.org/W1994008768","https://openalex.org/W2026481648","https://openalex.org/W2080849753","https://openalex.org/W2100456944","https://openalex.org/W2100576638","https://openalex.org/W2106077024","https://openalex.org/W2122465110","https://openalex.org/W2126737695","https://openalex.org/W2127511907","https://openalex.org/W2148834518","https://openalex.org/W2153564750","https://openalex.org/W2155909612","https://openalex.org/W2169118340","https://openalex.org/W2328312426","https://openalex.org/W4242471443","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6611668905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W205149449","https://openalex.org/W1996241118","https://openalex.org/W753893272","https://openalex.org/W2574930852","https://openalex.org/W2464457227","https://openalex.org/W3216716213","https://openalex.org/W4313562441","https://openalex.org/W1973198036","https://openalex.org/W1993240873","https://openalex.org/W2352072447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previously,":[0],"it":[1,121],"has":[2],"been":[3],"shown":[4,123],"that":[5],"the":[6,18,34,41,61,65,72,84,127,130,135,143],"projection":[7,35],"method":[8,36],"can":[9],"be":[10],"used":[11,38],"as":[12],"an":[13],"effective":[14],"tool":[15],"to":[16,39,71],"compute":[17],"appropriate":[19],"phase":[20,107],"compensation":[21],"of":[22,44,64,74,100,129,142],"a":[23,28,45,57,75,80,95,110],"conformal":[24,48,67,96],"antenna":[25,50,78,98,132,137],"array":[26,51,68],"on":[27,52,79],"spherical":[29,54],"surface.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"paper,":[33],"is":[37,69,122,133],"study":[40],"gain":[42,63,73,128],"limitations":[43],"phase-compensated":[46,66,131],"six-element":[47,76],"microstrip":[49,103],"non-conducting":[53],"surfaces.":[55],"As":[56],"metric":[58],"for":[59,138],"comparison,":[60],"computed":[62],"compared":[70],"reference":[77,136],"flat":[81],"surface":[82],"with":[83],"same":[85],"inter-element":[86],"spacing":[87],"and":[88,109,115],"operating":[89],"frequency.":[90],"To":[91],"validate":[92],"these":[93],"computations,":[94],"phased-array":[97],"consisting":[99],"six":[101],"individual":[102],"patches,":[104],"voltage":[105],"controlled":[106],"shifters":[108],"power":[111],"divider":[112],"was":[113],"assembled":[114],"tested":[116],"at":[117],"2.22":[118],"GHz.":[119],"Overall,":[120],"how":[124],"much":[125],"less":[126],"than":[134],"various":[139],"radius":[140],"values":[141],"sphere.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}