{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117779805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313413","title":"Design of a Solar-Powered Automated Dip Spray System for Small Stock Farmers in Remote Areas in Developing Countries","display_name":"Design of a Solar-Powered Automated Dip Spray System for Small Stock Farmers in Remote Areas in Developing Countries","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117779805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313413"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313413","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 12th International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011109270","display_name":"Kelebaone Tsamaase","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4294-8866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelebaone Tsamaase","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Botswana,Faculty of engineering and Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Botswana,Faculty of engineering and Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036614577","display_name":"Sajid M. Sheikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4197-6013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajid Mubashir Sheikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Botswana,Faculty of engineering and Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Botswana,Faculty of engineering and Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121672900","display_name":"Theo Motlhatlhedi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theo Motlhatlhedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Botswana,Faculty of engineering and Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Botswana,Faculty of engineering and Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121609933","display_name":"Thabang Seeketso","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thabang Seeketso","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Botswana,Faculty of engineering and Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Botswana,Faculty of engineering and Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010645193","display_name":"Kenny Sithole","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karabo L. Sithole","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Botswana,Faculty of engineering and Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Botswana,Faculty of engineering and Technology,Department of Electrical Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56491859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12365","display_name":"Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock","score":0.1200999990105629,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12365","display_name":"Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock","score":0.1200999990105629,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12486","display_name":"Food Supply Chain Traceability","score":0.0544000007212162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.048500001430511475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.6312999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arduino","display_name":"Arduino","score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stm32","display_name":"STM32","score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitive-sensing","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agile-software-development","display_name":"Agile software development","score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-system","display_name":"Management system","score":0.30140000581741333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.6312999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136501162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175957","display_name":"Arduino","level":2,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779096738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7394773","display_name":"STM32","level":3,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206755178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","level":2,"score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14185376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232","display_name":"Agile software development","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198783460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629173","display_name":"Management system","level":2,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159234332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172468","display_name":"Data logger","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776841711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856","display_name":"Barcode","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204036174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165895018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156849","display_name":"Sewerage","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776303644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1020499","display_name":"Interfacing","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107354338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937153","display_name":"Servo","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313413","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 12th International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.40360838174819946,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2167166306","https://openalex.org/W3213590424","https://openalex.org/W4206386486","https://openalex.org/W4376115317","https://openalex.org/W4391343218","https://openalex.org/W4407424365"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,127],"study":[1],"describes":[2],"the":[3,29,87,103,130],"design":[4],"and":[5,21,36,47,62,69,121,134,161,167],"implementation":[6],"of":[7,39,54,105],"a":[8,83,99,114,140],"mobile,":[9],"solar-powered":[10,100],"automated":[11,86],"dip":[12,118],"spray":[13],"system":[14,97,172],"designed":[15],"for":[16,102,111,117,124,150,158,184],"small":[17],"livestock,":[18,56],"like":[19],"sheep":[20],"goats.":[22],"The":[23,51,96,171],"main":[24],"goal":[25],"is":[26,182],"to":[27,45,81,92,154],"address":[28,93],"ongoing":[30],"difficulties":[31],"that":[32,85,144,181],"farmers":[33,186],"in":[34,90,187],"isolated":[35],"off-grid":[37],"areas":[38],"Botswana":[40],"face,":[41],"especially":[42],"with":[43,190],"regard":[44],"ticks":[46],"other":[48],"ectoparasite":[49],"control.":[50],"conventional":[52],"methods":[53],"treating":[55],"such":[57],"as":[58,137,139],"applying":[59],"tick":[60],"grease":[61],"manually":[63],"spraying,":[64],"are":[65],"frequently":[66],"labor-intensive,":[67],"inconsistent,":[68],"inefficient":[70],"at":[71],"guaranteeing":[72],"full-body":[73],"coverage.":[74],"An":[75],"Arduino":[76],"Nano":[77],"microcontroller":[78,157],"was":[79],"used":[80],"create":[82],"prototype":[84],"spraying":[88],"mechanism":[89],"order":[91],"these":[94,191],"issues.":[95],"incorporates":[98],"pump":[101],"dispersion":[104],"an":[106,155,175],"antiparasitic":[107],"solution,":[108],"servo":[109],"motors":[110],"gate":[112],"control,":[113],"capacitive":[115],"sensor":[116],"level":[119],"monitoring,":[120],"ultrasonic":[122],"sensors":[123,149],"animal":[125,147],"detection.":[126],"paper":[128],"presents":[129],"system's":[131],"technical":[132],"development":[133],"performance":[135],"analysis,":[136],"well":[138],"comprehensive":[141],"future":[142,192],"roadmap":[143],"includes":[145],"integrating":[146],"weight":[148],"customized":[151],"treatment,":[152],"upgrading":[153],"ESP32":[156],"wireless":[159],"connectivity,":[160],"enabling":[162],"real-time":[163],"cloud":[164],"data":[165],"logging":[166],"mobile":[168],"application":[169],"interfacing.":[170],"will":[173],"become":[174],"allinclusive":[176],"smart":[177],"livestock":[178],"management":[179],"solution":[180],"appropriate":[183],"smallholder":[185],"sub-Saharan":[188],"Africa":[189],"enhancements.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-12-31T00:00:00"}
