{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405846642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs61860.2024.10810725","title":"Assessing shadows and reflections consistency in AI-generated images","display_name":"Assessing shadows and reflections consistency in AI-generated images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405846642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs61860.2024.10810725"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wifs61860.2024.10810725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs61860.2024.10810725","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090338092","display_name":"S. Bianchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4622-4240"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Bianchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["AMPED Software,Trieste,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AMPED Software,Trieste,Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086675108","display_name":"Massimo Iuliani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5501-4667"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Iuliani","raw_affiliation_strings":["AMPED Software,Trieste,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AMPED Software,Trieste,Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115676698","display_name":"Andrea Paghera","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Paghera","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Forensic Institute, S,Gwann,Malta"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Forensic Institute, S,Gwann,Malta","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005922407","display_name":"Marco Fontani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0630-2128"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Fontani","raw_affiliation_strings":["AMPED Software,Trieste,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AMPED Software,Trieste,Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019044149","display_name":"Martino Jerian","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martino Jerian","raw_affiliation_strings":["AMPED Software,Trieste,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AMPED Software,Trieste,Italy","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090338092"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24956772,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.5928999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.5928999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.54339998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.653165340423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5869333148002625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5314333438873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5068164467811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.32997003197669983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.653165340423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5869333148002625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5314333438873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5068164467811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.32997003197669983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wifs61860.2024.10810725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs61860.2024.10810725","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1592011777","https://openalex.org/W2021465448","https://openalex.org/W2038168805","https://openalex.org/W2140117117","https://openalex.org/W2543923489","https://openalex.org/W2955138768","https://openalex.org/W3034530968","https://openalex.org/W4389347530","https://openalex.org/W4402754249","https://openalex.org/W6839718926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"images":[1,48,97],"generated":[2],"by":[3,76],"diffusion":[4],"models":[5],"are":[6,23],"getting":[7],"increasingly":[8],"photorealistic.":[9],"Although":[10],"these":[11],"systemsare":[12],"designed":[13,26],"and":[14,19,53,100,105,147,153],"trained":[15],"to":[16,27,46],"minimize":[17],"artifacts":[18],"visual":[20],"inconsistencies,":[21],"they":[22],"not":[24],"generally":[25],"create":[28,47],"physically":[29],"consistent":[30,50,151],"images.":[31,139],"In":[32],"this":[33,87],"paper,":[34],"we":[35,66,89,116],"assess":[36],"the":[37,57,69,78,83,108,119],"current":[38],"capability":[39],"of":[40,82,94,121],"three":[41],"widespread":[42],"AI":[43],"generation":[44],"methods":[45],"with":[49],"cast":[51,58],"shadows":[52,59,99,152],"reflections.":[54,154],"We":[55],"address":[56],"analysis":[60,110],"through":[61],"a":[62,91],"state-of-the-art":[63],"method.":[64],"Furthermore,":[65],"show":[67],"that":[68,130,143],"reflection":[70],"consistency":[71],"can":[72,133],"be":[73,112,135],"addressed":[74],"similarly":[75],"exploiting":[77],"main":[79],"geometric":[80],"properties":[81],"linear":[84],"perspective.":[85],"For":[86],"study,":[88],"created":[90],"dedicated":[92],"dataset":[93],"150":[95],"photorealistic":[96],"containing":[98],"reflections":[101],"from":[102],"Dall-E,":[103],"Midjourney,":[104],"Fooocus.":[106],"Since":[107],"geometricbased":[109],"cannot":[111],"automatically":[113],"performed":[114],"reliably,":[115],"manually":[117],"selected":[118],"features":[120],"interest":[122],"in":[123,137,149],"each":[124],"image.":[125],"The":[126],"experimental":[127],"validation":[128],"highlights":[129],"physical":[131],"inconsistencies":[132],"still":[134],"found":[136],"AI-based":[138],"However,":[140],"results":[141],"reveal":[142],"Midjourney":[144],"outperforms":[145],"DALL-E":[146],"Fooocus":[148],"generating":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
