{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390489192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374819","title":"Reversing Deep Face Embeddings with Probable Privacy Protection","display_name":"Reversing Deep Face Embeddings with Probable Privacy Protection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390489192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374819"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374819","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003815470","display_name":"Dail\u00e9 Osorio-Roig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1732-148X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099379","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/016731f38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099379","https://openalex.org/I4210115238"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dail\u00e9 Osorio-Roig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983","https://openalex.org/I4210099379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093013916","display_name":"Paul A. Gerlitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul A. Gerlitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087866084","display_name":"Christian Rathgeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1901-9468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099379","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/016731f38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099379","https://openalex.org/I4210115238"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Rathgeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983","https://openalex.org/I4210099379"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017716310","display_name":"Christoph Busch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9159-2923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099379","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/016731f38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099379","https://openalex.org/I4210115238"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Busch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group, Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983","https://openalex.org/I4210099379"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1214,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48060726,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7956314086914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7590129971504211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6876516938209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6433292627334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6195047497749329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5398338437080383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5364668369293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"Privacy protection","score":0.5036594271659851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4607239067554474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4577968716621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3982592523097992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35724973678588867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.2644045352935791}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7956314086914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7590129971504211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6876516938209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6433292627334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6195047497749329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5398338437080383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5364668369293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017597292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052250","display_name":"Privacy protection","level":2,"score":0.5036594271659851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4607239067554474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4577968716621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3982592523097992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35724973678588867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2644045352935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374819","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4569855681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"860813 - TReSPAsS-ETN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321961","funder_display_name":"Hessisches Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Kunst"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7145698342","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"860813 - TReSPAsS-ETN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321961","display_name":"Hessisches Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Kunst","ror":"https://ror.org/00zd5gr55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129905915","https://openalex.org/W2798724621","https://openalex.org/W2916903408","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2997170888","https://openalex.org/W3008089293","https://openalex.org/W3024684616","https://openalex.org/W3035739915","https://openalex.org/W3083589295","https://openalex.org/W3087732768","https://openalex.org/W3128522081","https://openalex.org/W3166898278","https://openalex.org/W3179610792","https://openalex.org/W3184515485","https://openalex.org/W3199528201","https://openalex.org/W4225297845","https://openalex.org/W4225302978","https://openalex.org/W4233908266","https://openalex.org/W4281787145","https://openalex.org/W4283324127","https://openalex.org/W4285111179","https://openalex.org/W4308236855","https://openalex.org/W4360993868","https://openalex.org/W6774711375","https://openalex.org/W6784159038","https://openalex.org/W6838910021"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3022534164","https://openalex.org/W4396832952","https://openalex.org/W2138522421","https://openalex.org/W3046095319","https://openalex.org/W3197497514","https://openalex.org/W1591172238","https://openalex.org/W2111194702","https://openalex.org/W2972172135","https://openalex.org/W2116878667","https://openalex.org/W315296216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generally,":[0],"privacy-enhancing":[1],"face":[2,12,45,99,120,129,143],"recognition":[3],"systems":[4],"are":[5],"designed":[6],"to":[7,74,87,131,153],"offer":[8],"permanent":[9],"protection":[10,65,162],"of":[11,25,34,97,106,151,160],"embeddings.":[13,46],"Recently,":[14],"so-called":[15],"soft-biometric":[16,27,35,89],"privacy-enhancement":[17],"approaches":[18],"have":[19],"been":[20,125],"introduced":[21],"with":[22,148],"the":[23,32,51,77,107,158,161],"aim":[24],"canceling":[26],"attributes.":[28],"These":[29],"methods":[30,84],"limit":[31],"amount":[33],"information":[36],"(gender":[37],"or":[38],"skin-colour)":[39],"that":[40,85,140],"can":[41,80,145],"be":[42,81,146],"inferred":[43],"from":[44],"Previous":[47],"work":[48],"has":[49,124],"underlined":[50],"need":[52],"for":[53,111],"research":[54],"into":[55],"rigorous":[56],"evaluations":[57],"and":[58],"standardised":[59],"evaluation":[60],"protocols":[61],"when":[62],"assessing":[63],"privacy":[64,90,112,135],"capabilities.":[66],"Motivated":[67],"by":[68,83],"this":[69,71,115],"fact,":[70],"paper":[72],"explores":[73],"what":[75],"extent":[76],"non-invertibility":[78],"requirement":[79],"met":[82],"claim":[86],"provide":[88],"protection.":[91,113,136],"Additionally,":[92],"a":[93,117],"detailed":[94],"vulnerability":[95],"assessment":[96],"state-of-the-art":[98,119],"embedding":[100],"extractors":[101],"is":[102],"analysed":[103],"in":[104],"terms":[105],"transformation":[108],"complexity":[109,159],"used":[110],"In":[114],"context,":[116],"well-known":[118],"image":[121],"reconstruction":[122],"approach":[123],"evaluated":[126],"on":[127,157],"protected":[128],"embeddings":[130,144],"break":[132],"soft":[133],"biometric":[134,141],"Experimental":[137],"results":[138],"show":[139],"privacy-enhanced":[142],"reconstructed":[147],"an":[149],"accuracy":[150],"up":[152],"approximately":[154],"98%,":[155],"depending":[156],"algorithm.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}