{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390485276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374658","title":"Protecting Voice-Controlled Devices Against LASER Injection Attacks","display_name":"Protecting Voice-Controlled Devices Against LASER Injection Attacks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390485276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101648666","display_name":"Hashim Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0532-0268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hashim Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan-Dearborn,Department of Electrical Engineering,Dearborn,MI,USA","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan-Dearborn,Department of Electrical Engineering,Dearborn,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041429466","display_name":"Dhimant Khuttan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhimant Khuttan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan-Dearborn,Department of Electrical Engineering,Dearborn,MI,USA","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan-Dearborn,Department of Electrical Engineering,Dearborn,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071065536","display_name":"Rafi Ud Daula Refat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3812-3244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafi Ud Daula Refat","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan-Dearborn,Department of Electrical Engineering,Dearborn,MI,USA","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan-Dearborn,Department of Electrical Engineering,Dearborn,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033599238","display_name":"Hafiz Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-3888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan-Dearborn,Department of Electrical Engineering,Dearborn,MI,USA","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan-Dearborn,Department of Electrical Engineering,Dearborn,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101648666"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.369,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61958035,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10732","display_name":"Laser Material Processing Techniques","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9031000137329102,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microphone","display_name":"Microphone","score":0.7226044535636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6593927145004272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4978766441345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.49437785148620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kurtosis","display_name":"Kurtosis","score":0.4793042242527008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audio-signal","display_name":"Audio signal","score":0.4753299057483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.4196716547012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audio-analyzer","display_name":"Audio analyzer","score":0.41799330711364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.3806631565093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audio-signal-processing","display_name":"Audio signal processing","score":0.32007554173469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.3129350543022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2846624255180359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-coding","display_name":"Speech coding","score":0.15271684527397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12509968876838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11368146538734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sound-pressure","display_name":"Sound pressure","score":0.09155547618865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07559135556221008}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778263558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46384","display_name":"Microphone","level":3,"score":0.7226044535636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6593927145004272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4978766441345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.49437785148620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166963901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287251","display_name":"Kurtosis","level":2,"score":0.4793042242527008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64922751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4650799","display_name":"Audio signal","level":3,"score":0.4753299057483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.4196716547012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160372630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4819855","display_name":"Audio analyzer","level":5,"score":0.41799330711364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.3806631565093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127220857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2719318","display_name":"Audio signal processing","level":4,"score":0.32007554173469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.3129350543022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2846624255180359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13895895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3270773","display_name":"Speech coding","level":2,"score":0.15271684527397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12509968876838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11368146538734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68115822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068172","display_name":"Sound pressure","level":2,"score":0.09155547618865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07559135556221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs58808.2023.10374658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32979931","https://openalex.org/W1945356021","https://openalex.org/W1973880537","https://openalex.org/W2041823554","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2295634712","https://openalex.org/W2296784112","https://openalex.org/W2401839215","https://openalex.org/W2533075636","https://openalex.org/W2534948625","https://openalex.org/W2747872086","https://openalex.org/W2772315375","https://openalex.org/W2901464967","https://openalex.org/W2912514385","https://openalex.org/W2936802426","https://openalex.org/W2950733131","https://openalex.org/W2967606780","https://openalex.org/W2972594541","https://openalex.org/W2972884023","https://openalex.org/W2999174651","https://openalex.org/W3007151378","https://openalex.org/W3021114830","https://openalex.org/W3022812933","https://openalex.org/W3024850948","https://openalex.org/W3128666957","https://openalex.org/W3131786367","https://openalex.org/W3185367131","https://openalex.org/W4200487023","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6779684038"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2098934641","https://openalex.org/W2494533082","https://openalex.org/W1975359510","https://openalex.org/W4214771044","https://openalex.org/W4387698063","https://openalex.org/W4382560817","https://openalex.org/W3004352674","https://openalex.org/W3110605476","https://openalex.org/W2766269877","https://openalex.org/W2363106653"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Voice-Controllable":[0],"Devices":[1],"(VCDs)":[2],"have":[3,30],"seen":[4],"an":[5,126],"increasing":[6],"trend":[7],"towards":[8],"their":[9,22],"adoption":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,37,45,48,69,81,106,118,161],"the":[13,18,91,120,132,156,166,180],"small":[14],"form":[15],"factor":[16],"of":[17,90,95,144,148,165,179],"MEMS":[19,33,56,133],"microphones":[20,34],"and":[21,50,102,110,168,177,184],"easy":[23],"integration":[24],"into":[25,75],"modern":[26],"gadgets.":[27],"Recent":[28],"studies":[29],"revealed":[31],"that":[32,123,155],"are":[35,104],"vulnerable":[36],"audio-modulated":[38],"laser":[39,52],"injection":[40,53],"attacks.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"aims":[44],"develop":[46],"countermeasures":[47],"detect":[49],"prevent":[51],"attacks":[54],"on":[55,62,140],"microphones.":[57],"A":[58],"time-frequency":[59],"decomposition":[60],"based":[61],"discrete":[63],"wavelet":[64],"transform":[65],"(DWT)":[66],"is":[67,116,138,159],"employed":[68],"decompose":[70],"microphone":[71],"output":[72],"audio":[73,97,170,181],"signal":[74],"n":[76],"+":[77],"1":[78],"frequency":[79],"subbands":[80],"capture":[82],"photo-acoustic":[83,111],"related":[84],"artifacts.":[85],"Higher-order":[86],"statistical":[87],"features":[88],"consisting":[89,147],"first":[92],"four":[93],"moments":[94],"subband":[96],"signals,":[98],"e.g.,":[99],"variance,":[100],"skew,":[101],"kurtosis":[103],"used":[105,117],"distinguish":[107],"between":[108,125],"acoustic":[109],"responses.":[112],"An":[113],"SVM":[114],"classifier":[115],"learn":[119],"underlying":[121],"model":[122],"differentiates":[124],"acoustic-and":[127],"laser-induced":[128,169],"(photo-acoustic)":[129],"response":[130],"in":[131,171,182],"microphone.":[134],"The":[135,151],"proposed":[136,157],"framework":[137,158],"evaluated":[139],"a":[141,172],"data":[142,174,186],"set":[143],"190":[145],"audios,":[146],"19":[149],"speakers.":[150],"experimental":[152],"results":[153],"indicate":[154],"able":[160],"correctly":[162],"classify":[163],"98%":[164],"acoustic-":[167],"random":[173],"partition":[175,187],"setting":[176],"100%":[178],"speaker-independent":[183],"text-independent":[185],"settings.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}