{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2534919326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs.2012.6412622","title":"Machine learning attacks on 65nm Arbiter PUFs: Accurate modeling poses strict bounds on usability","display_name":"Machine learning attacks on 65nm Arbiter PUFs: Accurate modeling poses strict bounds on usability","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2534919326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs.2012.6412622","mag":"2534919326"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wifs.2012.6412622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs.2012.6412622","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058418695","display_name":"Gabriel Hospodar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Hospodar","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESATISCD-COSIC and IBBT, KU, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESATISCD-COSIC and IBBT, KU, Belgium","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090494585","display_name":"Roel Maes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6240-8608"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roel Maes","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESATISCD-COSIC and IBBT, KU, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESATISCD-COSIC and IBBT, KU, Belgium","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082347771","display_name":"Ingrid Verbauwhede","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-076X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingrid Verbauwhede","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESATISCD-COSIC and IBBT, KU, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESATISCD-COSIC and IBBT, KU, Belgium","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058418695"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9048,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":171,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97919682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"37","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arbiter","display_name":"Arbiter","score":0.9900768995285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7591591477394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7558239698410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6126365065574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5354739427566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4536225199699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.44729524850845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4136672616004944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4085935950279236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.33602970838546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32498517632484436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.27025991678237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.23814800381660461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2287808656692505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779971761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629872","display_name":"Arbiter","level":2,"score":0.9900768995285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7591591477394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7558239698410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6126365065574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5354739427566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4536225199699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.44729524850845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4136672616004944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4085935950279236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.33602970838546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32498517632484436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27025991678237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.23814800381660461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2287808656692505}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wifs.2012.6412622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wifs.2012.6412622","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/747066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/747066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WIFS 2012, Tenerife, SPAIN, 2-5 December 2012","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.957.5350","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.957.5350","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://securewww.esat.kuleuven.be/cosic/publications/article-2264.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124944822","https://openalex.org/W1988115241","https://openalex.org/W2000171858","https://openalex.org/W2080284304","https://openalex.org/W2106833918","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2138077253","https://openalex.org/W2143908786","https://openalex.org/W2151759197","https://openalex.org/W2169212403","https://openalex.org/W2171762889","https://openalex.org/W3147945423","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6681232967"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391909224","https://openalex.org/W3007162371","https://openalex.org/W4211236262","https://openalex.org/W4281647828","https://openalex.org/W2787752683","https://openalex.org/W3139471000","https://openalex.org/W4386278306","https://openalex.org/W4392981223","https://openalex.org/W2922740257","https://openalex.org/W3212476763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Arbiter":[0,52,144,151],"Physically":[1],"Unclonable":[2],"Functions":[3],"(PUFs)":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6],"proposed":[7],"as":[8],"efficient":[9],"hardware":[10],"security":[11,118],"primitives":[12],"for":[13,111,156],"generating":[14],"device-unique":[15],"authentication":[16],"responses":[17],"and":[18,90,129,159],"cryptographic":[19],"keys.":[20],"However,":[21],"the":[22,62,99,103,117,141,160],"assumed":[23],"possibility":[24],"of":[25,64,86,105,119,143,162],"modeling":[26,66],"their":[27,34],"underlying":[28],"challenge-response":[29,47,157],"behavior":[30],"causes":[31],"uncertainty":[32],"about":[33],"actual":[35],"applicability.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"work,":[39],"we":[40],"apply":[41,130],"well-known":[42],"machine":[43,134],"learning":[44,135],"techniques":[45],"on":[46,68,140],"pairs":[48],"(CRPs)":[49],"from":[50,82,122],"64-stage":[51,150],"PUFs":[53,120,152],"realized":[54],"in":[55,58],"65nm":[56],"CMOS,":[57],"order":[59],"to":[60,96,115,132,169],"evaluate":[61],"effectiveness":[63],"such":[65,126],"attacks":[67],"a":[69,76,83,112,127],"modern":[70],"silicon":[71],"implementation.":[72],"We":[73,124,146],"show":[74],"that":[75,91,148],"90%-accurate":[77],"model":[78,98],"can":[79],"be":[80],"built":[81],"training":[84],"set":[85],"merely":[87],"500":[88],"CRPs,":[89],"5000":[92],"CRPs":[93],"are":[94,153],"sufficient":[95],"perfectly":[97],"PUFs.":[100,145],"To":[101],"study":[102],"implications":[104],"these":[106],"attacks,":[107],"there":[108],"is":[109,167],"need":[110],"new":[113],"methodology":[114,128],"assess":[116],"suffering":[121],"modeling.":[123],"propose":[125],"it":[131],"our":[133],"results,":[136],"yielding":[137],"strict":[138],"bounds":[139],"usability":[142],"conclude":[147],"plain":[149],"not":[154],"secure":[155],"authentication,":[158],"number":[161],"extractable":[163],"secret":[164],"key":[165],"bits":[166],"limited":[168],"at":[170],"most":[171],"600.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
