{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412482675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wfcs63373.2025.11077628","title":"How Low Can You Go? Revisiting (S)NTP Time Synchronization for Industrial Networks","display_name":"How Low Can You Go? Revisiting (S)NTP Time Synchronization for Industrial Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412482675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wfcs63373.2025.11077628"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wfcs63373.2025.11077628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wfcs63373.2025.11077628","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 21st International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028607135","display_name":"Steffen Lindner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5274-4621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166982","display_name":"ABB (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05yeg2858","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166982","https://openalex.org/I885143765"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steffen Lindner","raw_affiliation_strings":["ABB Corporate Research,Mannheim,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ABB Corporate Research,Mannheim,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166982"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074194994","display_name":"Amin Shahraki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5065-9968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166982","display_name":"ABB (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05yeg2858","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166982","https://openalex.org/I885143765"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Shahraki","raw_affiliation_strings":["ABB Corporate Research,Mannheim,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ABB Corporate Research,Mannheim,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166982"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103790582","display_name":"Dirk Schulz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166982","display_name":"ABB (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05yeg2858","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166982","https://openalex.org/I885143765"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Schulz","raw_affiliation_strings":["ABB Corporate Research,Mannheim,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ABB Corporate Research,Mannheim,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166982"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028607135"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166982"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18199809,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11125","display_name":"Petri Nets in System Modeling","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6776890158653259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5523185133934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-synchronization","display_name":"Time synchronization","score":0.5413494110107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.2901681661605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.268008291721344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6776890158653259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5523185133934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986737936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791","display_name":"Time synchronization","level":2,"score":0.5413494110107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2901681661605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.268008291721344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wfcs63373.2025.11077628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wfcs63373.2025.11077628","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 21st International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573849764","https://openalex.org/W1984963581","https://openalex.org/W1992389486","https://openalex.org/W2027155098","https://openalex.org/W2045748557","https://openalex.org/W2170715240","https://openalex.org/W2288632536","https://openalex.org/W2469195734","https://openalex.org/W2921203665","https://openalex.org/W2982707224","https://openalex.org/W3023845375","https://openalex.org/W4247594926","https://openalex.org/W4253751631","https://openalex.org/W4254053820","https://openalex.org/W4283816174","https://openalex.org/W4385452221","https://openalex.org/W4402370051","https://openalex.org/W6610974562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2885105415","https://openalex.org/W2166939931","https://openalex.org/W2548702785","https://openalex.org/W4231087120","https://openalex.org/W2031096545","https://openalex.org/W2322793796","https://openalex.org/W1631301428","https://openalex.org/W2361721963","https://openalex.org/W1566366401","https://openalex.org/W2791809871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time":[0,40,64],"synchronization":[1,55,95,105],"is":[2,81],"a":[3],"fundamental":[4],"requirement":[5],"for":[6,96],"various":[7],"industrial":[8,97],"automation":[9],"scenarios.":[10],"Its":[11],"use":[12],"cases":[13],"range":[14],"from":[15],"precise":[16],"distributed":[17],"control":[18],"to":[19,49],"deterministic":[20],"Sequence":[21],"of":[22,27,33,47,103,110,117,120],"Events":[23],"(SoEs)":[24],"in":[25,67,76,107,143],"case":[26],"plant":[28],"faults.":[29],"With":[30],"the":[31,37,45,62,101,108,115],"advent":[32],"Time-Sensitive":[34],"Networking":[35],"(TSN),":[36],"Generalized":[38],"Precision":[39],"Protocol":[41,65],"(gPTP)":[42],"has":[43,60],"been":[44],"protocol":[46],"choice":[48],"enable":[50],"sub-":[51],"$\\mu$":[52],"s":[53],"time":[54,94],"between":[56],"network":[57,111,121],"devices":[58,78,122],"and":[59,79,99,128,133],"superseded":[61],"Network":[63],"(NTP)":[66],"most":[68],"mission-critical":[69],"systems.":[70],"However,":[71],"gPTP":[72],"requires":[73],"hardware":[74],"support":[75],"all":[77],"thus":[80],"not":[82],"compatible":[83],"with":[84],"many":[85],"existing":[86],"system":[87],"installations.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92],"revisit":[93],"networks":[98],"tackle":[100],"question":[102],"NTP\u2019s":[104],"accuracy":[106],"light":[109],"convergence.":[112],"We":[113],"examine":[114],"impact":[116],"recent":[118],"capabilities":[119],"such":[123],"as":[124],"strict":[125],"priority":[126],"scheduling":[127],"frame":[129],"preemption":[130],"on":[131],"(S)NTP":[132],"show":[134],"that":[135],"accuracies":[136],"below":[137],"1":[138],"ms":[139],"can":[140],"be":[141],"achieved":[142],"large":[144],"networks.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}