{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035115622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wfcs47810.2020.9114409","title":"Machine Learning-Aided Classification Of LoS/NLoS Radio Links In Industrial IoT","display_name":"Machine Learning-Aided Classification Of LoS/NLoS Radio Links In Industrial IoT","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035115622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wfcs47810.2020.9114409","mag":"3035115622"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wfcs47810.2020.9114409","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wfcs47810.2020.9114409","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 16th IEEE International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080696247","display_name":"Andrea Bombino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56475706","display_name":"Mid Sweden University","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Bombino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008715032","display_name":"Simone Grimaldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2091-2846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56475706","display_name":"Mid Sweden University","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Grimaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015129195","display_name":"Aamir Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3717-7793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56475706","display_name":"Mid Sweden University","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aamir Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004012289","display_name":"Mikael Gidlund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-7827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56475706","display_name":"Mid Sweden University","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikael Gidlund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Technology, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080696247"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.822,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72271073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.8739031553268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7608363628387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5320969820022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4848686158657074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.46457868814468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-link-protocol","display_name":"Radio Link Protocol","score":0.4262063801288605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41211187839508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3553542494773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1932724118232727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.8739031553268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7608363628387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5320969820022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4848686158657074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.46457868814468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12430449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7280888","display_name":"Radio Link Protocol","level":3,"score":0.4262063801288605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41211187839508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3553542494773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1932724118232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wfcs47810.2020.9114409","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wfcs47810.2020.9114409","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 16th IEEE International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2937881","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1985599600","https://openalex.org/W2096476414","https://openalex.org/W2119201876","https://openalex.org/W2135032037","https://openalex.org/W2155702117","https://openalex.org/W2163124409","https://openalex.org/W2274113736","https://openalex.org/W2345841749","https://openalex.org/W2612748966","https://openalex.org/W2753641064","https://openalex.org/W2774744725","https://openalex.org/W2811266402","https://openalex.org/W2894100501","https://openalex.org/W2903821109","https://openalex.org/W2966747427","https://openalex.org/W2969290773","https://openalex.org/W4244286740","https://openalex.org/W6600110931","https://openalex.org/W6683163402"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W4307436769","https://openalex.org/W4323793210","https://openalex.org/W2366306259","https://openalex.org/W3101720559","https://openalex.org/W2143447014","https://openalex.org/W3172283447","https://openalex.org/W2110478555","https://openalex.org/W2109871577","https://openalex.org/W1997061979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"sensors":[1],"and":[2,46,166,185],"actuators":[3],"networks":[4],"are":[5,171],"an":[6,179],"essential":[7],"element":[8],"to":[9,52,81,173],"realize":[10],"industrial":[11,27,184],"IoT(IIoT)":[12],"systems,":[13],"yet":[14],"their":[15],"diffusion":[16],"is":[17,35,91],"hampered":[18],"by":[19,136],"the":[20,36,43,47,75,86,99,115,125,128,142,145,153,158,161,200],"complexity":[21,123],"of":[22,39,57,74,101,117,127,144,147,160,178,192],"ensuring":[23],"reliable":[24],"communication":[25],"in":[26,182,211,219],"environments.":[28,54],"A":[29],"significant":[30],"problem":[31],"with":[32,106,121,207],"that":[33,63,88,199],"respect":[34],"unpredictable":[37],"fluctuation":[38],"a":[40,79,148],"radio-link":[41,129],"between":[42],"line-of-sight":[44],"(LoS)":[45],"non-line-of-sight":[48],"(NLoS)":[49],"states":[50],"due":[51],"time-varying":[53],"The":[55,176],"impact":[56],"linkstate":[58],"on":[59,78,141],"reception":[60],"performance,":[61],"suggests":[62],"link-state":[64],"variations":[65],"should":[66],"be":[67],"monitored":[68],"at":[69],"run-time,":[70],"enabling":[71],"dynamic":[72],"adaptation":[73],"transmission":[76],"scheme":[77],"link-basis":[80],"safeguard":[82],"QoS.":[83],"Starting":[84],"from":[85],"assumption":[87],"accurate":[89],"channel-sounding":[90],"unsuitable":[92],"for":[93,104,124],"low-complexity":[94],"IIoT":[95,221],"devices,":[96],"we":[97,113],"investigate":[98],"feasibility":[100],"channel-state":[102],"identification":[103],"platforms":[105],"limited":[107,162],"sensing":[108],"capabilities.":[109],"In":[110],"this":[111],"context,":[112],"evaluate":[114],"performance":[116,205],"different":[118],"supervised-learning":[119],"algorithms":[120],"variable":[122],"inference":[126],"state.":[130],"Our":[131],"approach":[132],"provides":[133],"fast":[134],"link-diagnostics":[135],"performing":[137],"online":[138],"classification":[139,190],"based":[140],"analysis":[143],"envelope-distribution":[146],"single":[149],"received":[150],"packet.":[151],"Furthermore,":[152],"method":[154,202],"takes":[155],"into":[156],"account":[157],"effects":[159],"sampling":[163],"frequency,":[164],"bit-depth,":[165],"moving":[167],"average":[168],"filtering,":[169],"which":[170,215],"typical":[172],"hardware-constrained":[174],"platforms.":[175],"results":[177],"experimental":[180],"campaign":[181],"both":[183],"office":[186],"environments":[187],"show":[188],"promising":[189],"accuracy":[191],"LoS/NLoS":[193],"radio":[194],"links.":[195],"Additional":[196],"tests":[197],"indicate":[198],"proposed":[201],"retains":[203],"good":[204],"even":[206],"low-resolution":[208],"RSSI-samples":[209],"available":[210],"low-cost":[212],"WSN":[213],"nodes,":[214],"facilitates":[216],"its":[217],"adoption":[218],"real":[220],"networks.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
