{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417131537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot64238.2025.11270767","title":"Time Error Budget Measurement of the Quantum Synchronization","display_name":"Time Error Budget Measurement of the Quantum Synchronization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417131537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot64238.2025.11270767"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wf-iot64238.2025.11270767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot64238.2025.11270767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 11th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111157730","display_name":"Muhammad Idham Habibie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093367","display_name":"Deutsche Telekom (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8prc86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Idham Habibie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit&#x00E4;t,Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks,Dresden,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit&#x00E4;t,Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks,Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020592937","display_name":"Swaraj Shekhar Nande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3437-277X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093367","display_name":"Deutsche Telekom (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8prc86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swaraj Shekhar Nande","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit&#x00E4;t,Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks,Dresden,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit&#x00E4;t,Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks,Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116843667","display_name":"Mohamed Barhoumi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093367","display_name":"Deutsche Telekom (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8prc86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Barhoumi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit&#x00E4;t,Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks,Dresden,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit&#x00E4;t,Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks,Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008114623","display_name":"Riccardo Bassoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6132-7985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093367","display_name":"Deutsche Telekom (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8prc86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Bassoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit&#x00E4;t,Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks,Dresden,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit&#x00E4;t,Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks,Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023936439","display_name":"Frank H. P. Fitzek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8469-9573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093367","display_name":"Deutsche Telekom (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m8prc86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank H. P. Fitzek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit&#x00E4;t,Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks,Dresden,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit&#x00E4;t,Deutsche Telekom Chair of Communication Networks,Dresden,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111157730"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093367"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46556146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9057999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9057999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.011500000022351742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6622999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.6315000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-clocking-signal","display_name":"Self-clocking signal","score":0.5497000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-time-protocol","display_name":"Network Time Protocol","score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interval","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.32350000739097595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6622999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.6315000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171051901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2389679","display_name":"Self-clocking signal","level":5,"score":0.5497000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178148046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217491","display_name":"Network Time Protocol","level":3,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196597080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227467","display_name":"Atomic clock","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162932704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791","display_name":"Synchronizing","level":3,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178317062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5477933","display_name":"Frame synchronization","level":4,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wf-iot64238.2025.11270767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot64238.2025.11270767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 11th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001756637","https://openalex.org/W2036614989","https://openalex.org/W2584104893","https://openalex.org/W2805188840","https://openalex.org/W2964605607","https://openalex.org/W2982604000","https://openalex.org/W3198385811","https://openalex.org/W4362585626","https://openalex.org/W4362683515"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"increasing":[1],"demand":[2,42],"for":[3,33],"5G":[4,15,72],"and":[5,100,161,184,212],"future":[6],"networks":[7],"requires":[8],"ultra-low":[9],"latency,":[10],"even":[11],"lower":[12],"than":[13],"current":[14],"levels.":[16,61],"Precision":[17],"Time":[18,67,87,157,181,186],"Protocol":[19],"White":[20],"Rabbit":[21],"(PTP-WR)":[22],"currently":[23],"offers":[24],"sub-nanosecond":[25,46],"accuracy,":[26,53],"making":[27],"it":[28],"the":[29,45,66,103,109,154,167,205,214],"leading":[30],"synchronization":[31,49,107,114,120,128,146,150,196],"solution":[32],"5G.":[34],"However,":[35,116],"emerging":[36],"applications":[37],"in":[38,71,86],"Extended":[39],"Reality":[40],"(ER)":[41],"precision":[43],"beyond":[44],"range.":[47],"Quantum":[48],"promises":[50],"much":[51],"higher":[52],"potentially":[54],"reaching":[55],"picosecond":[56],"(ps)":[57],"or":[58],"femtosecond":[59],"(fs)":[60],"This":[62],"could":[63],"greatly":[64],"reduce":[65,113],"Error":[68,188],"Budget":[69],"(TEB)":[70],"networks,":[73],"where":[74,148],"classical":[75],"systems":[76],"experience":[77],"timing":[78],"errors":[79],"around":[80],"1<inf":[81,220],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[82,84,221],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">.</inf>5<inf":[83],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">\u00b5</inf>s":[85],"Division":[88],"Duplex":[89],"(TDD),":[90],"influenced":[91],"by":[92,176],"factors":[93,179],"like":[94],"clock":[95],"drift,":[96],"propagation":[97],"delays,":[98],"noise,":[99,213],"holdover.":[101],"On":[102],"other":[104],"hand,":[105],"quantum":[106,127,149,195],"has":[108],"potential":[110],"to":[111,135,219],"significantly":[112],"errors.":[115],"while":[117,194],"achieving":[118],"high-precision":[119],"at":[121],"every":[122],"node":[123],"is":[124,151],"ideal,":[125],"deploying":[126],"across":[129],"all":[130],"nodes":[131],"remains":[132],"impractical":[133],"due":[134],"its":[136,164],"high":[137],"implementation":[138],"costs.":[139],"Therefore,":[140],"this":[141],"paper":[142],"focuses":[143],"on":[144,153,166],"assessing":[145],"performance,":[147],"present":[152],"Primary":[155],"Reference":[156],"Clock":[158],"(PRTC)":[159],"side,":[160],"we":[162],"evaluate":[163],"impact":[165],"TEB":[168,175,207,215],"using":[169],"a":[170],"simulation-based":[171],"approach.":[172],"We":[173],"calculate":[174],"modeling":[177],"key":[178],"through":[180],"Deviation":[182],"(TDEV)":[183],"Maximum":[185],"Interval":[187],"(MTIE).":[189],"Our":[190],"results":[191],"show":[192],"that":[193,203],"improves":[197],"precision,":[198],"existing":[199],"infrastructure":[200],"introduces":[201],"noise":[202],"limits":[204],"achievable":[206],"reduction.":[208],"By":[209],"removing":[210],"holdover":[211],"can":[216],"be":[217],"reduced":[218],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">.</inf>1":[222],"us.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}