{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399169387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot58464.2023.10539509","title":"A Review of Gaps between Web 4.0 and Web 3.0 Intelligent Network Infrastructure","display_name":"A Review of Gaps between Web 4.0 and Web 3.0 Intelligent Network Infrastructure","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399169387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot58464.2023.10539509"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wf-iot58464.2023.10539509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot58464.2023.10539509","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 9th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/306846/2/306846.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001762730","display_name":"Zihan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1697-2168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,Glasgow,UK,G12 8QQ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,Glasgow,UK,G12 8QQ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342787","display_name":"Zihao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5287-2247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146168","display_name":"CREATe Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04e30s833","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146168"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["CREATe Centre, School of Law, University of Glasgow","Department of Computer Science, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CREATe Centre, School of Law, University of Glasgow","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146168"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115593892","display_name":"Xiaoshuai Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoshuai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,Glasgow,UK,G12 8QQ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,Glasgow,UK,G12 8QQ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100577322","display_name":"Yunqing Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunqing Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, US,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, US,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101691796","display_name":"Hao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6743-8678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Blockchain Applications And Services, Tongji University,Shanghai,China","Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Blockchain Applications And Services, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Blockchain Applications And Services, Tongji University,Shanghai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Blockchain Applications And Services, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7211049795150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.6418479681015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-2.0","display_name":"Web 2.0","score":0.4350415766239166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-service","display_name":"Web service","score":0.35012340545654297}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7211049795150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.6418479681015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136699151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131164","display_name":"Web 2.0","level":3,"score":0.4350415766239166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.35012340545654297}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wf-iot58464.2023.10539509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot58464.2023.10539509","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 9th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:306846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/66235.html>","pdf_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/306846/2/306846.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:306846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/66235.html>","pdf_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/306846/2/306846.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1500301389","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42171404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5050270607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22120230441","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322449","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399169387.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1870741405","https://openalex.org/W2540570443","https://openalex.org/W2744999500","https://openalex.org/W2964005248","https://openalex.org/W3021482604","https://openalex.org/W3022813153","https://openalex.org/W3110989801","https://openalex.org/W3177492523","https://openalex.org/W3208988473","https://openalex.org/W4224903774","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4285047805","https://openalex.org/W4293246032","https://openalex.org/W4313455370","https://openalex.org/W4313555347","https://openalex.org/W4379382284","https://openalex.org/W4394659222","https://openalex.org/W4400944529","https://openalex.org/W7017911346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2139596909","https://openalex.org/W2081337217","https://openalex.org/W2263165406","https://openalex.org/W2146354553","https://openalex.org/W2509141950","https://openalex.org/W1967286098","https://openalex.org/W1809074097","https://openalex.org/W1585782846","https://openalex.org/W178471791"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"World":[0],"Wide":[1],"Web":[2,20,24,34,40,45,79,82,148,160,189,213,216],"is":[3,47],"speeding":[4],"up":[5],"its":[6],"pace":[7],"into":[8],"an":[9,56],"intelligent":[10],"and":[11,22,61,66,70,76,81,86,92,95,130,153,168,179,215,225],"decentralized":[12,138,154,199],"ecosystem,":[13],"as":[14],"seen":[15],"in":[16,68,127,202],"the":[17,28,51,98,113,134,158,210,220],"campaign":[18],"of":[19,33,78,101,118,141],"3.0":[21,80,217],"forthcoming":[23],"4.0.":[25],"Marked":[26],"by":[27],"Europe":[29],"Commission's":[30],"latest":[31,221],"mention":[32],"4.0,":[35,149],"a":[36,106,119,137,164],"race":[37],"towards":[38],"strategic":[39],"4.0":[41,46,83,161,190,214],"success":[42],"has":[43],"started.":[44],"committed":[48],"to":[49,109,186,204],"bringing":[50],"next":[52,99],"technological":[53],"transition":[54],"with":[55,194,219],"open,":[57],"secure,":[58],"trustworthy":[59],"fairness":[60],"digital":[62],"ecosystem":[63],"for":[64,97,147,157,171],"individuals":[65],"businesses":[67],"private":[69],"public":[71],"sectors.":[72],"Despite":[73],"overlapping":[74],"scopes":[75],"objectives":[77],"from":[84],"academic":[85],"industrial":[87],"perspectives,":[88],"there":[89],"are":[90],"distinct":[91],"definitive":[93],"features":[94],"gaps":[96],"generation":[100],"WWW.":[102],"In":[103],"this":[104],"review,":[105],"brief":[107],"introduction":[108],"WWW":[110],"development":[111],"unravels":[112],"entangled":[114],"but":[115],"consistent":[116],"requirement":[117],"more":[120],"vivid":[121],"web":[122],"experience,":[123],"enhancing":[124],"human-centric":[125],"experience":[126],"both":[128],"societal":[129],"technical":[131],"aspects.":[132],"Moreover,":[133],"review":[135,184],"brings":[136],"intelligence":[139,193],"prospect":[140],"view":[142],"on":[143,197,207],"native":[144,192],"AI":[145,155],"entities":[146],"envisioning":[150],"sustainable,":[151],"autonomous":[152],"services":[156],"entire":[159],"environment,":[162],"powering":[163],"self-sustainable":[165],"Decentralized":[166],"Physical":[167],"Software":[169],"Infrastructure":[170],"Computing":[172],"Force":[173],"Network,":[174,176],"Semantic":[175],"Virtual/Mixed":[177],"Reality,":[178],"Privacy-preserving":[180],"content":[181],"presumption.":[182],"The":[183],"aims":[185],"reveal":[187],"that":[188],"offers":[191],"focused":[195],"thinking":[196],"utilizing":[198],"physical":[200],"infrastructure,":[201],"addition":[203],"sole":[205],"requirements":[206],"decentralization,":[208],"bridging":[209],"gap":[211],"between":[212],"advances":[218],"future-shaping":[222],"blockchain-enabled":[223],"computing":[224],"network":[226],"routing":[227],"protocols.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
