{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3213796608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot51360.2021.9595307","title":"Time-Distributed Feature Learning in Network Traffic Classification for Internet of Things","display_name":"Time-Distributed Feature Learning in Network Traffic Classification for Internet of Things","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3213796608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot51360.2021.9595307","mag":"3213796608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wf-iot51360.2021.9595307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot51360.2021.9595307","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 7th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030827764","display_name":"Yoga Suhas Kuruba Manjunath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5377-8885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoga Suhas Kuruba Manjunath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006311179","display_name":"Sihao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6335-1911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sihao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100363146","display_name":"Xiao\u2013Ping Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-0069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Ping Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1192,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82797508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"674","last_page":"679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8079136610031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.6264522671699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6194802522659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5365066528320312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5055129528045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.5022726058959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4972513020038605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.4955536127090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46393778920173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.46262216567993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-traffic","display_name":"Internet traffic","score":0.4506821036338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42424193024635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40639349818229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3845893144607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3544948399066925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.10735154151916504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8079136610031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.6264522671699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6194802522659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5365066528320312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5055129528045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.5022726058959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4972513020038605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4955536127090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46393778920173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.46262216567993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63969886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536440","display_name":"Internet traffic","level":3,"score":0.4506821036338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42424193024635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40639349818229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3845893144607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3544948399066925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.10735154151916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wf-iot51360.2021.9595307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot51360.2021.9595307","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 7th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1442374986","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1500246799","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1921523184","https://openalex.org/W2127350146","https://openalex.org/W2135324748","https://openalex.org/W2166952377","https://openalex.org/W2617931713","https://openalex.org/W2729370845","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2801937512","https://openalex.org/W2890207295","https://openalex.org/W2891570868","https://openalex.org/W2897202622","https://openalex.org/W2898413119","https://openalex.org/W2912386632","https://openalex.org/W2917091861","https://openalex.org/W2924962435","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2982408358","https://openalex.org/W3163366489","https://openalex.org/W6628377381","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6640185926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2547456248","https://openalex.org/W4312241727","https://openalex.org/W4384946034","https://openalex.org/W3036573907","https://openalex.org/W2567120387","https://openalex.org/W2554395890","https://openalex.org/W2152125195","https://openalex.org/W2182343390","https://openalex.org/W2027016628","https://openalex.org/W4205292708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,13,77,124],"plethora":[1],"of":[2,4,25,41,59,122],"Internet":[3,33],"Things":[5],"(IoT)":[6],"devices":[7],"leads":[8],"to":[9,22,37,71],"explosive":[10],"network":[11,14,26,49,63,82,135],"traffic.":[12],"traffic":[15,54],"classification":[16,136],"(NTC)":[17],"is":[18,30,65,85,105],"an":[19],"essential":[20],"tool":[21],"explore":[23],"behaviours":[24],"flows,":[27],"and":[28,92,97],"NTC":[29],"required":[31],"for":[32],"service":[34],"providers":[35],"(ISPs)":[36],"manage":[38],"the":[39,42,53,62,81,98,103,129,134],"performance":[40,137],"IoT":[43],"network.":[44],"We":[45,112],"propose":[46],"a":[47,57,68,116],"novel":[48],"data":[50,55,64,84],"representation,":[51],"treating":[52],"as":[56,67],"series":[58],"images.":[60],"Thus,":[61],"realized":[66],"video":[69],"stream":[70],"employ":[72],"time-distributed":[73],"(TD)":[74],"feature":[75,101,131],"learning.":[76],"intra-temporal":[78],"information":[79],"within":[80],"statistical":[83],"learned":[86,106],"using":[87,115],"convolutional":[88],"neural":[89],"networks":[90],"(CNN)":[91],"long":[93],"short-term":[94],"memory":[95],"(LSTM),":[96],"inter":[99],"pseudo-temporal":[100],"among":[102],"flows":[104],"by":[107,138],"TD":[108,130],"multi-layer":[109],"perceptron":[110],"(MLP).":[111],"conduct":[113],"experiments":[114],"large":[117],"data-set":[118],"with":[119],"more":[120],"number":[121],"classes.":[123],"experimental":[125],"result":[126],"shows":[127],"that":[128],"learning":[132],"elevates":[133],"10%.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}