{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200298838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcsp52459.2021.9613683","title":"Impact of Scattering on Communication and Secrecy Performance over Underwater Quantum Links","display_name":"Impact of Scattering on Communication and Secrecy Performance over Underwater Quantum Links","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200298838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcsp52459.2021.9613683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcsp52459.2021.9613683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcsp52459.2021.9613683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607893","display_name":"2021 13th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 13th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063778987","display_name":"Qingqing Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5711-0409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingqing Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100679028","display_name":"Chen Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-0024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080627309","display_name":"Nuo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3660-9128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100295024","display_name":"Jianghua Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177739611","display_name":"Yangtze University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhmhz54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianghua Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072373301","display_name":"Zhengyuan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9075-8875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengyuan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22980685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bb84","display_name":"BB84","score":0.8192413449287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.6526626944541931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.5735445022583008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.5528756976127625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5527464747428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.5513038635253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.5427991151809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.48202788829803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.46483421325683594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4504099190235138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.43626269698143005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.4360122084617615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information-science","display_name":"Quantum information science","score":0.42035606503486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-channel","display_name":"Quantum channel","score":0.3955613970756531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3438534438610077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.337415874004364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.31447145342826843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2721751034259796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.23137041926383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13813158869743347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12887611985206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.12523788213729858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11319610476493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10613274574279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.09523671865463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09098833799362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.0887923538684845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78203541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2566969","display_name":"BB84","level":5,"score":0.8192413449287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.6526626944541931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.5735445022583008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5528756976127625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5527464747428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5513038635253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.5427991151809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.48202788829803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.46483421325683594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4504099190235138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.43626269698143005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.4360122084617615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.42035606503486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.3955613970756531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3438534438610077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.337415874004364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.31447145342826843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2721751034259796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.23137041926383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13813158869743347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12887611985206604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.12523788213729858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11319610476493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10613274574279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.09523671865463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09098833799362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0887923538684845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcsp52459.2021.9613683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcsp52459.2021.9613683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607893","display_name":"2021 13th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 13th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1726269027","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171428,62101526","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6275935107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M671896","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564498658","https://openalex.org/W1894212025","https://openalex.org/W1996238339","https://openalex.org/W2004273086","https://openalex.org/W2004651419","https://openalex.org/W2012369662","https://openalex.org/W2055617162","https://openalex.org/W2063806864","https://openalex.org/W2065835632","https://openalex.org/W2127139848","https://openalex.org/W2135122391","https://openalex.org/W2287464903","https://openalex.org/W2782413938","https://openalex.org/W2896105472","https://openalex.org/W3017339684","https://openalex.org/W3023156702","https://openalex.org/W3099164702","https://openalex.org/W3101884387","https://openalex.org/W3129314046","https://openalex.org/W3129805198","https://openalex.org/W4246079422","https://openalex.org/W4292403337"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3099174309","https://openalex.org/W1981490142","https://openalex.org/W4367358755","https://openalex.org/W3011401624","https://openalex.org/W3006889293","https://openalex.org/W2793294224","https://openalex.org/W3008246375","https://openalex.org/W2849376718","https://openalex.org/W2363439890","https://openalex.org/W2905159093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Considering":[0],"quantum":[1,13,42,74],"signal":[2],"transmission":[3,97],"in":[4],"the":[5,12,16,28,53,68,79,94,100,113,116],"underwater":[6,46],"links":[7],"with":[8,48],"scattering,":[9],"we":[10],"investigate":[11,52],"channel":[14,43],"model,":[15],"related":[17],"capacity":[18],"and":[19,50,62],"secrecy":[20],"performance.":[21],"Monte":[22],"Carlo":[23],"simulation":[24],"results":[25,92],"demonstrate":[26],"that":[27,115],"polarization":[29,69],"angle":[30,70],"change":[31],"within":[32],"[\u221220,":[33],"20]":[34],"degrees":[35],"accounts":[36],"for":[37,45],"98%.":[38],"We":[39,77],"propose":[40],"a":[41,56,63],"model":[44],"link":[47],"scattering":[49],"theoretically":[51],"capacity,":[54],"where":[55],"larger":[57,64],"proportion":[58],"of":[59,67,83,103],"scattered":[60,119],"photons":[61,120],"variation":[65],"range":[66],"leads":[71],"to":[72,109,125],"lower":[73],"classical":[75],"capacity.":[76],"analyze":[78],"secret":[80],"key":[81],"rate":[82],"BB84":[84],"protocol":[85],"under":[86,99],"unauthorized":[87],"receiver":[88],"attack":[89],"(URA).":[90],"The":[91],"show":[93],"maximum":[95],"secure":[96],"distance":[98],"given":[101],"parameters":[102],"seawater":[104],"decreases":[105],"from":[106,122],"113":[107],"m":[108,111],"58":[110],"as":[112],"probability":[114],"eavesdropper":[117],"receives":[118],"increases":[121],"0.1":[123],"%":[124],"10%.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
