{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2902204980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcsp.2018.8555599","title":"3D Outdoor Positioning Based on RSSI","display_name":"3D Outdoor Positioning Based on RSSI","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2902204980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcsp.2018.8555599","mag":"2902204980"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcsp.2018.8555599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcsp.2018.8555599","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 10th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036619148","display_name":"Wanjing Kuang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanjing Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101648883","display_name":"Mengting Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7380-0397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengting Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739629","display_name":"Wenrui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4479-2639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenrui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020904524","display_name":"Caiyun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0716-5573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caiyun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Educational Software, GuangZhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Educational Software, GuangZhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052938144","display_name":"Minghua Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-2227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghua Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12658618,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6868840456008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.6408424377441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/received-signal-strength-indication","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","score":0.5887588858604431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5781728029251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.57090824842453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5197048783302307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.49651795625686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.45065733790397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.43883898854255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4266934394836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42039138078689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.41988882422447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.41336914896965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.39648139476776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3552941679954529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.19444876909255981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1814611554145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12139606475830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11990311741828918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10983529686927795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10371330380439758}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6868840456008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.6408424377441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778913798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195672","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","level":3,"score":0.5887588858604431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5781728029251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.57090824842453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5197048783302307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.49651795625686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.45065733790397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.43883898854255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4266934394836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42039138078689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.41988882422447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.41336914896965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.39648139476776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3552941679954529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.19444876909255981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1814611554145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12139606475830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11990311741828918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10983529686927795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10371330380439758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcsp.2018.8555599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcsp.2018.8555599","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 10th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513339763","https://openalex.org/W2077428818","https://openalex.org/W2103542269","https://openalex.org/W2120350100","https://openalex.org/W2135646341","https://openalex.org/W2140266441","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2326926550","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W2557998141","https://openalex.org/W2806729898","https://openalex.org/W3101018627"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2936623626","https://openalex.org/W2368222634","https://openalex.org/W2200723215","https://openalex.org/W4378221038","https://openalex.org/W2021075884","https://openalex.org/W2351615714","https://openalex.org/W2563935845","https://openalex.org/W2061269199","https://openalex.org/W2386031873","https://openalex.org/W2534066750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1],"key":[2],"feature":[3],"of":[4,64,107],"wireless":[5],"sensor":[6],"networks,":[7,15],"location-based":[8],"services":[9],"find":[10],"wide":[11],"applications":[12,29],"in":[13,41,118],"social":[14],"e.g.,":[16],"emergency,":[17],"navigation":[18],"and":[19,30,92,114],"marketing.":[20],"However,":[21],"most":[22],"positioning":[23,49,108],"algorithms":[24,50],"aim":[25],"at":[26],"two-dimensional":[27],"indoor":[28],"few":[31],"have":[32],"focused":[33],"on":[34,52,68],"three-dimensional":[35],"(3D)":[36],"outdoor":[37],"applications.":[38],"To":[39],"fill":[40],"this":[42,44],"gap,":[43],"paper":[45],"develops":[46],"two":[47],"3D":[48],"based":[51,67],"received":[53],"signal":[54],"strength":[55],"indicator":[56],"(RSSI).":[57],"In":[58],"particular,":[59],"after":[60],"obtaining":[61],"coarse":[62],"estimates":[63],"user":[65],"position":[66],"least":[69],"squares":[70],"(LS)":[71],"algorithm,":[72],"the":[73,88,98,102,105,115],"weighted":[74],"centroid":[75],"algorithm":[76,100],"(WCA)":[77],"or":[78],"particle":[79],"swarm":[80],"optimization":[81],"(PSO)":[82],"is":[83],"further":[84],"exploited":[85],"to":[86],"refine":[87],"estimate.":[89],"Monte-Carlo":[90],"simulation":[91],"field":[93],"test":[94],"results":[95],"demonstrate":[96],"that":[97],"LS-PSO":[99],"outperforms":[101],"LS-WCA,":[103],"with":[104],"accuracy":[106],"no":[109],"worse":[110],"than":[111,123],"5":[112],"meters":[113],"relative":[116],"error":[117],"each":[119],"spatial":[120],"dimension":[121],"smaller":[122],"2%.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
