{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3146044969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcncw.2012.6215540","title":"Energy efficiency of heterogeneous networks in LTE-advanced","display_name":"Energy efficiency of heterogeneous networks in LTE-advanced","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3146044969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcncw.2012.6215540","mag":"3146044969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcncw.2012.6215540","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcncw.2012.6215540","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044579426","display_name":"Chadi Khirallah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chadi Khirallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061430082","display_name":"John Thompson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4605-9708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John S. Thompson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035227760","display_name":"Dejan Vukobratovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5305-8420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170726198","display_name":"University of Novi Sad","ror":"https://ror.org/00xa57a59","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dejan Vukobratovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Power, Electronics and Communication Engineering, University of Novi Sad, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Power, Electronics and Communication Engineering, University of Novi Sad, Serbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"53","last_page":"58"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.8356021642684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneous","display_name":"Homogeneous","score":0.7058891654014587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6859732866287231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6856549978256226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6338043212890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.6198693513870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-mode","display_name":"Sleep mode","score":0.6189630627632141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5776621699333191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5687589645385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.5650442242622375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.5327486991882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"Carbon footprint","score":0.5121867060661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.43348023295402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.3198029100894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.28905802965164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2133747935295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14142853021621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09553247690200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.061162203550338745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.8356021642684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.7058891654014587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6859732866287231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6856549978256226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6338043212890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.6198693513870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57149124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587346","display_name":"Sleep mode","level":4,"score":0.6189630627632141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5776621699333191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5687589645385742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.5650442242622375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.5327486991882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.5121867060661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.43348023295402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3198029100894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.28905802965164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2133747935295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14142853021621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09553247690200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.061162203550338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcncw.2012.6215540","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcncw.2012.6215540","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2450106571","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G06041X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4514292451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G064105/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5929928205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G060584/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G778867159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G062420/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74764174","https://openalex.org/W1577316115","https://openalex.org/W1995248971","https://openalex.org/W2033440117","https://openalex.org/W2060826581","https://openalex.org/W2104286156","https://openalex.org/W2125088940","https://openalex.org/W2133019626","https://openalex.org/W2142697211","https://openalex.org/W2144239375","https://openalex.org/W2147182227","https://openalex.org/W2148349974","https://openalex.org/W3171649346","https://openalex.org/W4244895677","https://openalex.org/W4246762037","https://openalex.org/W4252071252","https://openalex.org/W6681319197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961666871","https://openalex.org/W2036198858","https://openalex.org/W1996107476","https://openalex.org/W2030588171","https://openalex.org/W2303288554","https://openalex.org/W3209237170","https://openalex.org/W4384067648","https://openalex.org/W3033750547","https://openalex.org/W2029216794","https://openalex.org/W4309156054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditionally":[0],"mobile":[1,8],"operators":[2],"have":[3],"met":[4],"the":[5,12,45,91,111,126],"surge":[6],"in":[7,57,102,119,132],"data":[9],"traffic":[10,54,106],"and":[11,31,47,60,74,77,81,122],"growing":[13],"number":[14,46,92],"of":[15,34,49,93,113],"rural":[16],"subscribers":[17],"by":[18],"deploying":[19],"more":[20],"macro":[21,51],"base":[22,100],"stations.":[23],"This":[24],"increases":[25],"overall":[26,67],"energy":[27,68,117],"consumption,":[28],"operational":[29],"costs":[30],"carbon":[32],"footprint":[33],"cellular":[35],"networks.":[36,62,134],"In":[37],"this":[38],"paper":[39],"we":[40],"investigate":[41],"solutions":[42],"for":[43,71],"reducing":[44,90],"size":[48],"active":[50,94],"cells":[52,95,115],"following":[53],"load":[55,107],"conditions":[56],"both":[58,120],"homogeneous":[59,72,121],"heterogeneous":[61,78,123,133],"Results":[63,87],"are":[64,130],"presented":[65],"as":[66],"reduction":[69],"gains":[70,118,129],"macro-only":[73],"micro-only":[75],"networks":[76],"joint":[79],"macro-relay":[80],"micro-relay":[82],"networks,":[83,124],"using":[84,96],"long-term-evolution-advanced":[85],"technology.":[86],"show":[88],"that":[89],"sleep":[97],"mode":[98],"at":[99],"stations,":[101],"low":[103],"to":[104],"medium":[105],"conditions,":[108],"combined":[109],"with":[110],"deployment":[112],"small":[114],"offer":[116],"but":[125],"most":[127],"significant":[128],"observed":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}