{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410228613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978734","title":"Securing 5G NR Networks: Innovative Artificial Noise Methods for Protecting Cell-Free Massive MIMO","display_name":"Securing 5G NR Networks: Innovative Artificial Noise Methods for Protecting Cell-Free Massive MIMO","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410228613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978734","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978734","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030850359","display_name":"Mostafa Rahmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7943-9977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa Rahmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York,UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100615384","display_name":"Junbo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0019-942X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junbo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York,UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070962138","display_name":"Manijeh Bashar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6948-5400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332878012","display_name":"BT Group (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00kv9pj15","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manijeh Bashar","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Telecom,UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Telecom,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067366238","display_name":"Kanapathippillai Cumanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9735-7019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanapathippillai Cumanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York,UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072939307","display_name":"Alister G. Burr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6435-3962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alister Burr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York,UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032549075","display_name":"Rahim Tafazolli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-8639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahim Tafazolli","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICS, 5/6GIC at The University of Surrey,UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICS, 5/6GIC at The University of Surrey,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030850359"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.987,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91075829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7061613202095032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6018097400665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5294960141181946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.34350237250328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3356549143791199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23151293396949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18456992506980896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7061613202095032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6018097400665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5294960141181946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34350237250328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3356549143791199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23151293396949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18456992506980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978734","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978734","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2556628207","https://openalex.org/W2799812926","https://openalex.org/W3157945111","https://openalex.org/W4210748560","https://openalex.org/W4286370873","https://openalex.org/W4312326114","https://openalex.org/W4312649065","https://openalex.org/W4366386419","https://openalex.org/W4368232716","https://openalex.org/W4384916959","https://openalex.org/W4391547801","https://openalex.org/W4396753526","https://openalex.org/W4402474941","https://openalex.org/W4402626708"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,25,31,67,71,88,99,103,149,162,170,177,197,217],"vulnerability":[4],"of":[5,27,70,129,166,174,179,199,205,221],"downlink":[6,28],"cell-free":[7],"massive":[8],"MIMO":[9],"systems":[10],"to":[11,75,229,236],"passive":[12],"and":[13,120,137,169,233],"active":[14],"eaves-dropping,":[15],"focusing":[16],"on":[17,46],"a":[18],"5G":[19],"New":[20],"Radio":[21],"framework.":[22],"To":[23],"enhance":[24],"security":[26,156],"transmissions":[29],"over":[30],"Physical":[32],"Downlink":[33],"Shared":[34],"Channel":[35],"(PDSCH)":[36],"against":[37],"eavesdropping":[38],"threats,":[39],"we":[40,107],"propose":[41],"two":[42,91],"novel":[43],"methods":[44],"based":[45],"cooperative":[47,55],"artificial":[48,56,84],"noise":[49,57,85,138],"(AN).":[50],"The":[51,79,154],"first":[52],"approach,":[53,81,213],"called":[54],"(CAN),":[58],"involves":[59],"all":[60],"access":[61,185],"points":[62],"(APs)":[63],"broadcasting":[64],"AN":[65,191,228],"in":[66],"null":[68],"space":[69],"users'":[72],"channel":[73,144],"matrix":[74],"confuse":[76],"potential":[77],"eavesdroppers.":[78,175],"second":[80,212],"named":[82],"partial":[83],"(PAN),":[86],"divides":[87],"APs":[89,206],"into":[90],"groups:":[92],"one":[93,182],"group":[94,101],"cooperatively":[95],"transmits":[96],"AN,":[97,210],"while":[98],"other":[100],"serves":[102],"legitimate":[104,114,167],"users.":[105],"Additionally,":[106],"implement":[108],"three":[109],"different":[110],"precoding":[111],"schemes":[112],"for":[113,208],"users:":[115],"maximum":[116],"ratio":[117],"transmission,":[118],"zero-forcing,":[119],"minimum":[121],"mean":[122],"square":[123],"error.":[124],"We":[125],"conduct":[126],"link-level":[127],"simulations":[128],"wiretap":[130],"channels":[131],"under":[132],"various":[133],"frequency-selective":[134],"fading":[135],"scenarios":[136],"conditions,":[139],"using":[140],"tapped":[141],"delay":[142],"line":[143],"models":[145],"as":[146],"defined":[147],"by":[148,160],"3GPP":[150],"TR":[151],"38.901":[152],"standard.":[153],"system's":[155],"performance":[157],"is":[158],"evaluated":[159],"analyzing":[161],"block":[163,171,218],"error":[164],"rate":[165,173,220],"users":[168],"success":[172],"Despite":[176],"limitation":[178],"having":[180],"only":[181],"antenna":[183],"per":[184],"point,":[186],"our":[187,211],"findings":[188],"demonstrate":[189],"that":[190],"can":[192],"be":[193],"strategically":[194],"designed":[195],"through":[196],"cooperation":[198],"APs.":[200],"By":[201],"designing":[202],"appropriate":[203],"groups":[204],"specifically":[207],"generating":[209],"PAN,":[214],"significantly":[215],"reduces":[216],"successive":[219],"eavesdroppers,":[222],"lowering":[223],"it":[224],"from":[225],"0.2":[226],"without":[227],"0.1":[230],"with":[231,238],"CAN":[232],"further":[234],"down":[235],"0.025":[237],"PAN.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}