{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410227431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978168","title":"Carrier-to-Noise Ratio Improvement of 5G Signals via Beamforming for TOA-Based Opportunistic Navigation","display_name":"Carrier-to-Noise Ratio Improvement of 5G Signals via Beamforming for TOA-Based Opportunistic Navigation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410227431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063569912","display_name":"Shaghayegh Shahcheraghi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shaghayegh Shahcheraghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Columbus,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Columbus,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051240427","display_name":"Zaher M. Kassas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-6142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaher M. Kassas","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Columbus,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Columbus,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063569912"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7467,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71737801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8160160779953003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6791146993637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.5619041919708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5006608963012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3874574303627014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3448740243911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18333488702774048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1678766906261444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8160160779953003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6791146993637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.5619041919708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5006608963012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3874574303627014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3448740243911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18333488702774048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1678766906261444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wcnc61545.2025.10978168","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6636011534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-22-1-2115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6917870147","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-22-1-0476","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7848206821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"69A3552348327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966880054","https://openalex.org/W1985643633","https://openalex.org/W2092397817","https://openalex.org/W2776656643","https://openalex.org/W2782654437","https://openalex.org/W2792200982","https://openalex.org/W2805657678","https://openalex.org/W2806275021","https://openalex.org/W2808148247","https://openalex.org/W2917561422","https://openalex.org/W2963478408","https://openalex.org/W2963830578","https://openalex.org/W2963927175","https://openalex.org/W3009036069","https://openalex.org/W3034450397","https://openalex.org/W3034801427","https://openalex.org/W3095719114","https://openalex.org/W3134592264","https://openalex.org/W3145920807","https://openalex.org/W3181427542","https://openalex.org/W3206086562","https://openalex.org/W4226332576","https://openalex.org/W4285230315","https://openalex.org/W4291801100","https://openalex.org/W4293094780","https://openalex.org/W4313590834","https://openalex.org/W4313639646","https://openalex.org/W4352976873","https://openalex.org/W4379876704","https://openalex.org/W4379966090","https://openalex.org/W4390412907","https://openalex.org/W4396575232","https://openalex.org/W4401806720","https://openalex.org/W4403426926","https://openalex.org/W7042762594"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2567141277","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W2727286692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"method":[1,22],"to":[2,37,72,110,122,148],"improve":[3],"the":[4,24,38,43,105,115,146],"carrier-to-noise":[5],"ratio":[6],"<tex":[7,52],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[8,53],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(C/N_{0})$</tex>":[9],"of":[10,56,137],"received":[11],"cellular":[12],"fifth-generation":[13],"(5G)":[14],"signals":[15],"via":[16,86,126],"beamforming":[17],"is":[18,33,93],"developed.":[19],"The":[20],"developed":[21],"utilizes":[23],"direction-of-arrival":[25],"(DOA)":[26],"estimated":[27],"from":[28,82,97],"an":[29,87,98,127],"antenna":[30],"array,":[31],"which":[32],"processed":[34],"and":[35,64,79],"fed":[36],"receiver's":[39],"tracking":[40],"loops":[41],"estimating":[42],"time-of-arrival":[44],"(TOA).":[45],"Experimental":[46],"results":[47],"are":[48],"presented":[49],"demonstrating":[50],"a":[51,61,68,73,130],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$C/N_{0}$</tex>":[54],"improvement":[55],"about":[57],"7":[58],"dB":[59,66],"in":[60,67],"stationary":[62],"scenario":[63],"6":[65],"moving":[69,116],"scenario,":[70,117],"compared":[71],"non-beamformed":[74,119],"approach.":[75],"Using":[76],"fused":[77],"TOA":[78,120,143],"DOA":[80],"measurements":[81,121,144],"two":[83,123],"5G":[84,124],"gNBs":[85,125],"extended":[88],"Kalman":[89],"filter":[90],"(EKF),":[91],"it":[92],"shown":[94],"that":[95],"starting":[96],"initial":[99],"position":[100,132],"estimate":[101],"470":[102],"m":[103],"away,":[104],"receiver":[106],"can":[107],"localize":[108],"itself":[109],"within":[111],"10.6":[112],"m.":[113,150],"In":[114],"fusing":[118],"EKF":[128],"yielded":[129],"two-dimensional":[131],"root":[133],"mean-squared":[134],"error":[135],"(RMSE)":[136],"8.1":[138],"m,":[139],"while":[140],"using":[141],"beamformed":[142],"reduced":[145],"RMSE":[147],"5.4":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}